Cargo ship - Kamotsusen

Japanese: 貨物船 - かもつせん
Cargo ship - Kamotsusen

A ship that specializes in transporting cargo. It has played an important role as a means of maritime transportation to distant locations since ancient times. Recently, with the development of aircraft, lighter cargo that requires high speed is being transported by air, but cargo ships still play an important role in transporting large amounts of cargo.

Cargo ships are divided into many types according to the type of cargo and the method of transportation. Ships that carry various general cargo such as machinery, electrical appliances, and daily necessities are called general cargo ships or ordinary cargo ships. Until around the time of World War II, cargo ships were called general cargo ships, and the rest were called special cargo ships. After that, as the structure of world industry and trade changed, many tankers and bulk carriers that load ores, coal, grains, etc. directly into the hold without packing them were built and operated, so ships other than general cargo ships came to be called special ships. At the end of 2006, tankers accounted for 25% of the world's merchant shipping capacity (gross tonnage comparison), and bulk carriers for 28%, making the two together more than 50%. Other special ships include ships that carry automobiles, liquefied gas, wood, cement, chips, fruit, refrigerated cargo, etc. Among dedicated ships, those equipped to carry two or more types of cargo, such as crude oil and ore, or crude oil, ore, and grains, are called dual-purpose ships. Ships that can carry even more types of cargo are sometimes called multipurpose ships. Container ships and barge carriers that carry barges instead of containers are called unit load ships. Even cargo ships that can carry 13 or more passengers are treated as passenger ships under the law, and are called cargo-passenger ships.

Container ships, liquefied gas carriers, and pure car carriers are new types of cargo ships that first appeared after World War II. In terms of tonnage, container ships and liquefied gas carriers together account for about 20% of the world's total (as of the end of 2006, gross tonnage comparison), with container ships responding to the demand for high-speed transportation, and liquefied gas carriers expanding their scope of activity along with the trend toward diversifying energy sources. Pure car carriers were also created with the aim of transporting large quantities of automobiles (mainly passenger cars) that had previously been transported in small quantities on general cargo ships, in line with the development of the automobile industry. These cargo ships have a unique structure with around 10 decks, with the height between the decks reduced just enough to accommodate cars.

In terms of business operations, there are regular cargo ships and tramp cargo ships. Regular cargo ships operate on a regular schedule along routes where the cargo supply is stable, while tramp cargo ships operate without set times or routes, traveling around the world in search of advantageous cargo.

[Morita Tomoharu]

[Reference] | Merchant ships
Structure of bulk carriers and cross-sections of major cargo ships
©Shogakukan ">

Structure of bulk carriers and cross-sections of major cargo ships…

Classification of cargo ships (by type of cargo)
©Shogakukan ">

Classification of cargo ships (by type of cargo)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

貨物を専門に運搬する船。昔から遠隔地への海上輸送機関として重要な役割を果たしてきた。最近では航空機の発達により、軽量で高速を必要とする貨物は航空輸送へ移行しつつあるが、大量貨物の輸送には依然として貨物船が重要な地位を占めている。

 貨物船は貨物の種類や輸送方法によって多くの種類に分けられる。機械類、電気製品、日用品ほか種々の一般貨物で荷造りしたものを運ぶ船を、一般貨物船または普通貨物船という。第二次世界大戦前後までは、貨物船といえば一般貨物船をさし、ほかは特殊貨物船とよばれていた。その後、世界の産業や貿易の構造が変化するにしたがってタンカーおよび、鉱石、石炭、穀類などを荷造りせずに直接船倉へ流し込むように積む、ばら積貨物船(バルク・キャリアーbulk carrier)などが多数建造、運航されてきたので、一般貨物船以外を専用船とよぶようになった。2006年末には、タンカーが世界の商船船腹量の25%(総トン数比較)、ばら積貨物船が28%に上り、両者で50%以上を占めている。専用船にはそのほかに、自動車、液化ガス、木材、セメント、チップ、果物、冷蔵貨物などを運ぶ船がある。専用船のうち、原油・鉱石あるいは原油・鉱石・穀類などのように2種類以上の貨物を運ぶ設備をもつ船を兼用船という。さらに多くの種類を運べる船を多目的船とよぶこともある。また、コンテナ船およびコンテナのかわりに艀(はしけ)(バージbarge)を積むバージ・キャリアーbarge carrierをユニット・ロード船という。貨物船であっても13名以上の旅客設備をもつ船は法規上、旅客船として扱われ、貨客船とよばれる。

 コンテナ船、液化ガス運搬船、自動車専用船は第二次世界大戦以後、初めて出現した新形式の貨物船である。船腹量としては、コンテナ船と液化ガス運搬船あわせて全世界の約20%(2006年末。総トン数比較)を占め、コンテナ船は高速輸送の要求に応じ、液化ガス運搬船はエネルギー源の多様化の傾向とともに活躍の場を伸ばしてきている。また自動車専用船は、自動車工業の発展に伴い、従来は一般貨物船で少しずつ運んでいた自動車(主として乗用車)を大量に運ぼうという目的で生まれた。甲板間の高さを車が入るだけに切り詰め、10層前後の甲板をもつ特異な構造の貨物船である。

 経営上の運航形態から分類すると、定期貨物船と不定期貨物船がある。定期貨物船は貨物の出回りが安定している航路でスケジュールを組み、定期的に運航され、不定期貨物船は時間と航路を定めずに、有利な貨物を求めて世界各地を回って運航される。

[森田知治]

[参照項目] | 商船
ばら積貨物船の構造とおもな貨物船の断面図
©Shogakukan">

ばら積貨物船の構造とおもな貨物船の断面…

貨物船の分類(貨物の種類による)
©Shogakukan">

貨物船の分類(貨物の種類による)


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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