Roman civil law (Ius civile in Latin) refers to the law that only applied between Roman citizens (personal law), and it consists of the Twelve Tables, ancestral customary law, and assembly legislation and interpretation. Because this law has a strict formality that is unique to ancient agricultural societies, as Rome's territory expands and society develops, a more informal law (universal law) that is centered on transactions and governs relations with people other than Roman citizens was formed. In 212, citizenship was granted to all residents of the Roman Empire, and the distinction between the strict formal civil law and the universal law disappeared. Modern civil law is fundamentally different from Roman civil law, and is adapted to capitalist society, with the principles of equality for all, freedom of contract, private property rights, and the principle of negligence liability, which states that "if there is no negligence, there is no liability." Modern civil law has a legal structure that assumes every possible situation that may occur in society, and is highly abstract and rational in nature. However, because it has a legal structure that allows people to be free to enter into any contract, concrete inequalities have emerged between capitalists and workers, and between large capital and consumers, and civil law has been significantly revised by labor laws, consumer protection laws, and other such laws. [Atsushi Sato] "The Principles of Roman Law, by Keikichi Harada, 2nd Edition (1968, Kobundo)" "The Basic Structure of Modern Law, by Yujiro Kako (1964, Nippon Hyoronsha)" "What is Law, by Yozo Watanabe (Iwanami Shinsho)" [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ローマ社会の市民法(ラテン語でユス・キウィレius civile)は、ローマ市民相互間だけに通用する法のことをいい(属人法主義)、十二表法、祖先からの慣習法、民会立法および解釈からなる。これは古代農業社会に特有な厳格な形式性をもっているため、ローマの領土が拡大し社会の発展とともに、ローマ市民以外の人々との間を規律する、取引を中心とした、形式にとらわれない法(万民法)が形成された。212年ローマ帝国内のすべての住民に市民権が与えられたので、厳格形式的な市民法と万民法との区別は消滅した。 近代の市民法civil lawは、ローマ社会の市民法とは根本的に異なり、資本主義社会に適合的な法であり、すべての者が対等であること、契約の自由、私的所有権、さらに「過失なければ責任なし」とする過失責任主義をその内容とする。近代市民法は、社会に起こりうるあらゆる場合を想定した法構造をもっており、それはきわめて抽象的なまた合理的な性質を有する。しかし、いかなる契約を結んでも自由であるという法構造をもっているがゆえに、資本家と労働者との間、大資本と消費者との間に具体的な不平等が現れ、労働法や消費者保護法などによって、市民法は大幅に修正されるに至っている。 [佐藤篤士] 『原田慶吉著『ローマ法の原理』第2版(1968・弘文堂)』▽『加古祐二郎著『近代法の基礎構造』(1964・日本評論社)』▽『渡辺洋三著『法とはなにか』(岩波新書)』 [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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