A large peninsula in the eastern part of the Russian Federation. Located in the northeastern part of the Asian continent, it stretches from north-northeast to south-southwest, separating the Sea of Okhotsk in the west from the Bering Sea and the Pacific Ocean in the east. It is 1,200 km long, 450 km wide at its widest point, and has an area of about 370,000 square kilometers. The central mountain range (highest peak Ichinskaya Sopka 3,621 meters) with an elevation of 1,500 to 2,000 meters runs along the backbone of the peninsula, and the eastern mountain range runs parallel to it. Between the two, the Kamchatka River (length about 700 km, drainage area about 56,000 square kilometers) flows northeast and empties into the Kamchatka Bay. There are many volcanoes, with 160 in total, of which 28 are active, including the peninsula's highest peak, the conical volcano Klyuchevskaya Sopka (4,750 meters). The climate is cool and monsoonal, influenced by the northeasterly seasonal winds. Severe winters and cool summers alternate, with monthly average temperatures of -13°C in February and 12°C in August. The annual precipitation is 600-1000 mm. The mountains are covered with shrubs and birch forests, except for the perpetual snow, glaciers, and tundra areas at higher altitudes. Fishing and seafood processing are the largest industries, accounting for more than 10% of the total fish catch in the Soviet Union. Among them, king crab is the largest in the world. The plains of the Kamchatka River basin have a dry continental climate, and are the main agricultural region of the peninsula. In addition to cultivating potatoes and pasture grass, sable and arctic fox furs are mass-produced. During the Soviet era, sovkhoz (state-run farms) specialized in raising them were established, and after the collapse of the Soviet Union, agricultural enterprises were established. Transportation is by car, but generally by water in summer and by horse, reindeer, or dog sled in winter and inland areas. The peninsula constitutes the Russian Kamchatka Oblast, with a population of 351,300 (2003 estimate) and its capital, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. [Takeharu Komiyama and Tsuguo Togawa] World Heritage RegistrationThe volcanoes of the Kamchatka Peninsula were registered as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) in 1996 and 2001 as the "Kamchatka Volcanoes" (World Natural Heritage Site). [Editorial Department] Inhabitants and HistoryThe indigenous people of the peninsula used to be the Kamchadal (Itelmen), Evenki, Koryak, Aleut and other tribes, but today the indigenous people make up just over 3.5% of the population. More than 80% of the population is Russian, with Ukrainians making up 7%. The first Russians to invade the peninsula was during the Cossack captain Atlasov's expedition in 1697-99. At the time, the Ainu people of the Kuril Islands also lived in the southernmost tip of the peninsula, and they brought Japanese products from Ezochi and traded with them. This was followed by two expeditions by Bering in 1725-30 and 1733-43, and further expeditions were sent in succession even after the 19th century. As the Russians invaded the peninsula, friction with the indigenous peoples occurred one after another, with the most notable being the Kamchadal rebellion of 1731-32 and the Koryak rebellion of 1745-56. Initially the administrative centre was in Nizhne-Kamchatsk, but in 1850 Petropavlovsk, which had been founded in 1740 by the Second Bering Expedition, became the regional capital. Petropavlovsk also played an important role as the base of the Pacific Fleet, and in 1854 during the Crimean War it repelled an attack by a British and French fleet. The headquarters of the Pacific Fleet was moved to Nikolaevsk-on-Amure in 1860, and to Vladivostok in 1872. In 1923, Japanese troops and other foreign intervention forces withdrew from the Far East, and a Soviet regime was established in the region. After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the region became part of the Russian Federation. [Tsuguo Tonokawa and Takeo Kuryuzawa] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
ロシア連邦東部にある大きな半島。アジア大陸北東部に位置し、北北東から南南西に長く延びて、西のオホーツク海と東のベーリング海および太平洋とを分けている。長さ1200キロメートル、最大幅450キロメートル、面積約37万平方キロメートル。半島の脊梁(せきりょう)に標高1500~2000メートルの中央山脈(最高峰イチンスカヤ火山Ичинская Сопка/Ichinskaya Sopka 3621メートル)と、これに並行する東部山地が走る。両者の間をカムチャツカ川(長さ約700キロメートル、流域面積約5万6000平方キロメートル)が北東流してカムチャツカ湾に注ぐ。火山が多く、160座を数え、うち活火山は半島最高峰の円錐(えんすい)火山クリュチェフスカヤ火山(4750メートル)ほか28座ある。気候は北東の季節風の影響で、冷涼なモンスーン型。厳冬と冷夏が繰り返し、月平均気温は、2月零下13℃、8月12℃である。年降水量は600~1000ミリメートル。山脈は、高所の万年雪、氷河、ツンドラ地帯を除いては灌木(かんぼく)とシラカンバの樹林で覆われる。漁業と水産加工業が最大の産業で、ソ連の総漁獲量の10%以上を占めた。なかでもタラバガニの産額は世界最大。カムチャツカ川流域の平野は大陸性の乾燥した気候で、半島の主要な農業地帯となっている。ジャガイモや牧草の栽培が行われるほか、クロテン、ホッキョクギツネの毛皮も量産し、ソ連時代は飼育専門のソフホーズ(国営農場)、ソ連解体後は農業企業が設置されている。交通は車も使用されるが、一般に夏季は水上交通、冬季や内陸地帯ではウマ、トナカイ、犬ぞりによっている。 半島はロシアのカムチャツカ州を構成し、州の人口は35万1300(2003推計)。州都はペトロパブロフスク・カムチャツキー。 [小宮山武治・外川継男] 世界遺産の登録カムチャツカ半島の火山群は1996年および2001年に、ユネスコ(国連教育科学文化機関)により「カムチャツカ火山群」として世界遺産の自然遺産に登録された(世界自然遺産)。 [編集部] 住民・歴史かつて半島の先住民はカムチャダール(イテリメン)、エベンキ、コリヤーク、アレウトなどの諸族であったが、今日では先住民の占める割合は3.5%をわずかに超える程度にすぎない。住民の80%以上はロシア人で、ウクライナ人が7%に達している。ロシア人が初めて進出したのは、1697~99年のコサック隊長アトラソフの探検のときであった。当時半島の最南端には千島列島のアイヌも住み、彼らは蝦夷地(えぞち)から日本製品をもたらし、交易していた。その後1725~30年と33~43年には、ベーリングの2次にわたる探検が行われ、探検隊の派遣は19世紀に入ってからも相次いだ。ロシア人の進出とともに先住民との摩擦も相次ぎ、とくに1731~32年のカムチャダールの反乱、45~56年のコリヤークの反乱などが名高い。当初行政中心地はニジネ・カムチャツクにあったが、1850年には、第二次ベーリング隊により1740年に建設されていたペトロパブロフスクが州都となった。ペトロパブロフスクは太平洋艦隊の本拠地としても重きをなし、クリミア戦争中の1854年には、英仏艦隊の攻撃を撃退した。太平洋艦隊司令部は1860年ニコラエフスク・ナ・アムーレに、72年にはウラジオストクに移された。1923年極東から日本軍をはじめとする外国干渉軍が撤退、この地方にもソビエト政権が樹立された。91年のソ連解体後、ロシア連邦に属する。 [外川継男・栗生沢猛夫] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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