Atacama Desert - Atacama Desert

Japanese: アタカマ砂漠 - あたかまさばく(英語表記)Desierto de Atacama
Atacama Desert - Atacama Desert

A long desert in northern Chile, South America, stretching about 1,200 km from north to south and 150 to 300 km from east to west. It is located in a mountain basin stretching north to south at an altitude of about 1,000 meters between the Chilean Coastal Range (altitude about 2,000 meters) on the Pacific coast and the Andes Mountains, and extends from near the Chile-Peru border (about 18 degrees south latitude) in the north to near Copiapo (about 27 degrees south latitude) in the south. For about 1,000 kilometers south of the Lluta River, which flows north of the city of Arica at the northern end, there is only one river, the Loa River, that originates in the Andes Mountains, crosses the desert, and reaches the Pacific Ocean. It is an extremely dry area with low humidity and clear, sunny skies all year round, and the center is a wilderness without vegetation. However, the northern half of the area north of the Loa River is called the Tamarugal Plain because sparse growth of the tamargos, a shrub of the Mimosa family, once grew there. The coastal region adjacent to the west of the Atacama Desert is also a desert, but it is often covered in fog and clouds due to the influence of low-temperature seawater, and has a unique west coast desert climate with small daily and annual temperature ranges. In some areas, Roma vegetation can be seen, which grows by absorbing moisture from the fog. The western slope of the Andes Mountains to the east of the Atacama Desert is also a desert, but at altitudes above 2,000 meters, the temperatures are low and there is some rainfall in the summer, so short grass grows sparsely.

The main production activity in the Atacama Desert is the mining of mineral resources. Silver production reached one-seventh of the world's total in the late 19th century, but its share is now small. Copper, which accounts for about 35% of Chile's total exports (2003), is produced in the Atacama Desert region as well as in central Chile, and the main mines are in Chuquicamata and El Salvador. The former is one of the world's largest open-cut copper mines. Chilean saltpeter, which is formed by the precipitation of various soluble salts and the solidification of sediments in a rainless climate, is mined in various places in the Atacama Desert and has been exported in large quantities as nitrogen fertilizer and a raw material for gunpowder. However, its importance has declined since its peak in 1920 due to the development of a method to fix nitrogen in the air. As for iodine, a by-product of saltpeter, it still meets nearly half of the world's demand. The Tarapaca region in the northernmost part of the Atacama Desert once belonged to Peru, and the Antofagasta region to the south belonged to Bolivia, but as a result of the War of the Pacific (the Saltpeter War) that broke out over saltpeter, they became Chilean territory in 1883.

[Matsumoto Eiji]

[References] | Andes Mountains | Copiapo | Chuquicamata Copper Mine | Chilean Saltpeter
Atacama Desert
A long desert located on the Pacific coast of South America. It stretches about 1,200 km north to south and 150 to 300 km east to west. The white line in the center of the photo shows salts that have crystallized on both sides of a river with a high salt concentration. It is a desert with little precipitation located in an orogenic belt. East of Copiapo, Atacama, Chile © Yoshihiko Akagi ">

Atacama Desert

Atacama Desert
The highest desert in the world. 4000-4500m above sea level. Near the border between Chile, Argentina and Bolivia. © Yoshihiko Akagi ">

Atacama Desert

Pica Oasis (Atacama Desert)
A spring oasis in the northern Atacama Desert. Approximately 3,000 people live here. East of Iquique, Tarapacá Region, Chile. © Yoshihiko Akagi ">

Pica Oasis (Atacama Desert)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

南アメリカ、チリ北部にある南北約1200キロメートル、東西150~300キロメートルにわたる長大な砂漠。太平洋沿岸のチリ海岸山脈(高度2000メートル前後)とアンデス主脈の間を1000メートル前後の高度をもって南北に延びる山間盆地にあり、北はチリ、ペルー国境(南緯約18度)付近から、南はコピアポ(南緯約27度)付近にかけて広がる。北端部のアリカ市の北を流れるリュータ川以南の約1000キロメートルの間には、アンデス主脈に発しこの砂漠を横断して太平洋に達する川はロア川1本しかない。一年中低湿度で空気の澄んだ晴天が続く極端な寡雨地域であり、中心部には無植生の荒野が広がっている。しかし、その北半部のロア川以北の地域は、かつてミモザ科の低木タマルゴがまばらに生育していたことからタマルガル平原とよばれる。アタカマ砂漠の西に隣接する沿岸地方も砂漠であるが、低温の海水の影響を受けて霧や雲に覆われることが多く、また気温の日較差、年較差も小さいという特殊な西岸砂漠気候を示す。一部には霧の水分を吸って生育するロマ植生がみられる。アタカマ砂漠東方のアンデス山脈西斜面も砂漠であるが、高度2000メートル以上では低温でかつ夏期に若干の降雨があるため、短草がまばらに生育する。

 アタカマ砂漠における主要な生産活動は鉱産資源の採掘である。銀の産出は19世紀後半には世界産出量の7分の1に達していたが、現在ではその比重は小さい。チリの輸出総額の約35%(2003)を占める銅は、チリ中部とともにアタカマ砂漠地方で産出され、主要鉱山としてはチュキカマタ、エル・サルバドルがある。とくに前者は世界最大級の露天掘り銅山である。雨のない気候下で各種の可溶性塩分が析出し堆積(たいせき)物を固結して生成されたチリ硝石は、アタカマ砂漠の各所で採掘され、窒素肥料および火薬原料として大量に輸出されてきた。しかし空中窒素固定法の開発により、1920年をピークにその重要性は低下した。硝石の副産物であるヨードに関しては、現在でも世界需要の半分近くをここで賄っている。アタカマ砂漠最北部のタラパカ地方はかつてペルーに、その南のアントファガスタ地方はボリビアに属していたが、硝石をめぐって発生した太平洋戦争(硝石戦争)の結果、1883年以降チリの領土となった。

[松本栄次]

[参照項目] | アンデス山脈 | コピアポ | チュキカマタ銅山 | チリ硝石
アタカマ砂漠
南アメリカ大陸の太平洋側に位置する長大な砂漠。南北約1200km、東西150~300km。写真中央部の白い線は、塩分濃度の高い川の流れの両側で結晶した塩類。造山帯に位置する降水量の少ない砂漠である。チリ アタカマ州コピアポ東方©赤木祥彦">

アタカマ砂漠

アタカマ高地砂漠
世界でもっとも高い位置にある砂漠。標高4000~4500m。チリ/アルゼンチン/ボリビアの国境付近©赤木祥彦">

アタカマ高地砂漠

ピカ・オアシス(アタカマ砂漠)
アタカマ砂漠北部にある泉性オアシス。およそ3000人が生活している。チリ タラパカ州イキケ東方©赤木祥彦">

ピカ・オアシス(アタカマ砂漠)


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