The view that there is a one-way causal relationship between the amount of money and the price level, and that fluctuations in the amount of money bring about changes in the price level. The origins of this idea can be traced back to D. Hume in the 18th century, but it was I. Fisher who gave it a precise theoretical formulation. If we take the amount of money as M , the velocity of money as V , the price level as P , and the amount of transactions as T , then the total amount of transactions during a certain period is equal to the amount of money paid, and so we obtain the relationship MV = PT (Fisher's equation of exchange). This equation itself is an accounting identity and does not show any causal relationship, but in the short term, we can assume that (1) T is determined by real factors and (2) V is given by institutional factors, so he reinterpreted this equation causally and concluded that an increase in M always causes a proportional increase in P. Fisher's ideas were later developed by the Cambridge school of Marshall, Pigou, and others. Their view is called the quantity theory of cash balances because it can be summarized in the cash balance equation M = kPy . Here, M and P are the same as before, y is real national income, and k is the percentage of income that people want to hold in the form of money. The above equation shows the money supply and demand equilibrium equation. By assuming that k in this equation is variable, they believed that the relationship between changes in the quantity of money and changes in the price level is not necessarily proportional, but is influenced by people's money holding behavior. These two old quantity theories of money lost their theoretical interest rapidly with the emergence of Keynesian economics, but M. Friedman's new quantity theory of money reinterpreted them. He understood the quantity theory of money as a theory of money demand, and said that the velocity of money is expressed as a stable function of monetary income, the price level, the rate of return on various assets, etc. Using actual data from the United States, he showed that changes in the quantity of money affect output in the short term and the price level in the long term, but the exact magnitude and duration of these effects vary from time to time. Based on these results, Friedman advocates the implementation of a monetary policy based on the rule that the money supply should increase at a constant rate commensurate with the economic growth rate, as a way to achieve economic stability. The idea of the new quantity theory of money has had a significant influence on the money supply-oriented monetary policies that have recently been adopted by central banks around the world. [Shigeki Toyama] "The Equation of Exchange and the Cash Balance Equation" by Taizo Takahashi and Akira Koizumi (1958, Keiso Shobo) " "M. Friedman, Towards Monetary Stability, translated by Takeo Miyake (1963, Diamond Publishing) " "M. Friedman "The Quantity Theory of Money, A Restatement" in M. Friedman (ed.), Studies in the Quantity Theory of Money (1956, U.of Chicago P.)" [References] | | | | Index | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
貨幣量と物価水準との間に一方的な因果関係を認め、貨幣量の変動が物価水準の変化をもたらすという見解。この考え方の起源は18世紀のD・ヒュームにまでさかのぼれるが、その精緻(せいち)な理論的定式化を行ったのはI・フィッシャーである。いま貨幣量をM、貨幣の流通速度をV、物価水準をP、取引量をTとすると、一定期間中の総取引量は支払われる貨幣数量に等しいゆえ、MV=PTという関係式(フィッシャーの交換方程式)が得られる。この式自体は会計的恒等式であり、なんら因果関係は示していないが、短期間をとってみると、(1)Tは実物的要因により決まっており、(2)Vは制度的要因により与えられていると想定できるので、彼はこの式を因果的に解釈し直し、Mの増大はつねにPの比例的上昇を引き起こすと結論した。フィッシャーの考え方はその後、マーシャル、ピグーらのケンブリッジ学派により発展させられた。彼らの見解はM=kPyという現金残高方程式に要約されるため、現金残高数量説とよばれている。ここでM、Pは前と同様、yは実質国民所得、kは人々が貨幣の形で保有したいと思っている所得の割合とすると、前記の式は貨幣の需給均衡式を示している。彼らは、この式におけるkを可変的であると仮定することにより、貨幣量変化と物価水準変化の関係はかならずしも比例的ではなく、人々の貨幣保有行動により左右されると考えた。 これら二つの古い貨幣数量説はケインズ経済学の登場により、その理論的関心が急速に失われるに至ったが、それを新たに解釈し直したのがM・フリードマンによる新貨幣数量説である。彼は貨幣数量説を貨幣需要の理論として把握し、貨幣の流通速度は貨幣所得、物価水準、各種の資産の収益率などの安定的関数として表されるとした。そして、アメリカの実際のデータを利用し、貨幣量の変化は短期的には産出量に、長期的には物価水準に影響を与えるが、その大きさや期間の正確な長さは時と場合により異なることを明らかにした。この結果をもとにフリードマンは、経済安定達成の方法として、貨幣供給量を経済成長率に見合った一定率で増大すべきであるというルールに基づく貨幣政策の実施を提唱している。このような新貨幣数量説の考え方は、各国の中央銀行が最近になって採用するようになったマネーサプライ重視の金融政策に少なからぬ影響を与えている。 [外山茂樹] 『高橋泰蔵・小泉明著『交換方程式と現金残高方程式』(1958・勁草書房)』▽『M・フリードマン著、三宅武雄訳『貨幣の安定をめざして』(1963・ダイヤモンド社)』▽『M. Friedman“The Quantity Theory of Money, A Restatement” in M. Friedman (ed.), Studies in the Quantity Theory of Money (1956, U.of Chicago P.)』 [参照項目] | | | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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