Wall writing - wall art

It is also pronounced "hekisho" and is also called "haribumi" or "oshibumi." It is a document created to indicate matters to be observed or the procedure of a ceremony, with the necessary items listed in bullet points, signed by the person in charge or responsible, and posted on the walls of appropriate buildings such as samurai residences and temples. The oldest surviving example is from 807 (Daido 2), which concerns the seating of government officials, but during the Muromachi and Sengoku periods, it was used by the shogunate, daimyo, temples and shrines, and in the Muromachi shogunate it was posted in the samurai's office and mandokoro (administrative office). Judging from its content, it is a type of law, and can also be called a set text or a written code. These were sometimes collected into collections of laws and regulations, and some of the more famous examples include the Muromachi Shogunate's "Wall Inscriptions at the Kanrei and Mandokoro Offices," the "Wall Inscriptions at the Ouchi Family" of the Bungo and Choshu feudal lord Ouchi clan, and Toyotomi Hideyoshi's "Wall Inscriptions in Osaka Castle." There were also cases where the inscriptions were not actually posted on the walls.

[Tokuhiko Ushita]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

「へきしょ」とも読み、「張文(はりぶみ)」「押文(おしぶみ)」などともいわれる。遵守すべき事項や儀式の次第などを示すために作成される文書で、必要事項を箇条書にし、責任者や担当者が署名し、武家の邸館、寺院のしかるべき建物の壁などに張り出した。伝わっている最古のものは、807年（大同2）の官吏の着座に関するものであるが、室町・戦国時代には幕府、大名、寺社などで用いられ、室町幕府では侍所(さむらいどころ)、政所(まんどころ)などに掲示された。内容からすれば法令の一種であり、定文(じょうもん)、掟書(おきてがき)といってもよい。これを収録した法令集が編纂(へんさん)されることがあり、室町幕府の「管領并政所(かんれいならびにまんどころ)壁書」、防長の大名大内氏の「大内家壁書」、豊臣(とよとみ)秀吉の「大坂城中壁書」などが有名である。実際に壁に張らないでも壁書という場合もあったと思われる。

［羽下徳彦］

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