Concilium; council

Japanese: 公会議 - こうかいぎ（英語表記）concilium; council

In Christianity, a meeting of bishops and other leaders to discuss doctrine, administration, religious rules, etc. This is the Catholic term, while in Protestantism it is called a general council or a great council. In addition to the universal council, there are regional church councils, the latter of which are often called synods, and only the former are simply called councils. According to the Catholic Church, councils are convened by the Pope, chaired by the Pope or his emissary, and their decisions become effective with the Pope's approval. Although this procedure was not established in ancient times, it is the power of tradition within the church that makes the councils of that time universal councils. In particular, during the Great Schism of the 15th century, the weakening of the papacy and its declining leadership led to a widespread belief in the primacy of the council (→ conciliarism), which held that the council was superior to the Pope. The Catholic Church recognizes 21 ecumenical councils, from the Council of Nicaea (325) to the Second Vatican Council (1962-65). The Greek Orthodox Church does not recognize the councils that took place after the Eastern Church split off in 1054, nor the Eighth Council, which was the indirect cause of the split, as universal ecumenical councils, and so strictly speaking, only seven universal ecumenical councils have been held. The origin of the council is thought to be the Jerusalem meeting seen in the Book of Acts, and it is confirmed that a church council was held in Asia Minor in the second half of the 2nd century against the Montanists, and in Rome to discuss how to celebrate Easter. In the 3rd century, these bishops' councils became customary, and with the official recognition of Christianity in 313, a region-wide council became necessary, and in 314 Emperor Constantine held the Council of Arles to discuss issues such as the split from the Donatists. The term universal ecumenical council was first used by the historian Eusebius in his description of the Council of Nicaea, but it was not until the 5th century that the concept was established.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

キリスト教において教義，行政，宗規などに関して協議する司教ら指導者による集り。これはカトリックの呼び方で，プロテスタントでは総会議または大会議という。普遍公会議のほかに地域的な教会会議があり，後者はシノドスと呼ばれる場合が多く，前者のみが単に公会議と呼ばれる。カトリック教会の理解によれば，公会議は教皇が招集し，教皇またはその特使を議長として進められ，その決議は教皇の承認を得て発効する。教皇の承認を得ぬものは公会議とはみなされないが，古代にはこの手続が確立しておらず，当時の公会議を普遍公会議としているのは教会内の伝統の力である。また特に 15世紀の西方教会大分裂の時期には，教皇権の弱体化，統率力の低下と相まって，公会議は教皇の上位にあるとする公会議首位説 (→公会議主義 ) が盛んであった。カトリック教会が認めている公会議はニカイア公会議 (325) から第2バチカン公会議 (1962～65) まで 21回ある。 1054年の東方教会離教以後の会議およびその遠因になった第8回公会議をギリシア正教会は普遍公会議とは認めず，普遍公会議は厳密には7回しか開かれていないとされる。起源としては『使徒行伝』にみえるエルサレム集会が考えられ，2世紀後半にはモンタヌス派に対して小アジアで，復活祭の祝い方に関してローマで教会会議が開かれたことが確認されている。3世紀にはこの司教会議は慣例化し，313年のキリスト教公認とともに全地域にわたる会議が必要となり，314年にはコンスタンチヌス大帝によりアルル教会会議が開かれ，ドナツス派の離教などが協議された。普遍公会議という言葉は史家エウセビオスがニカイア公会議の記述に用いたのに始るが，その理念の確立には5世紀を待たねばならなかった。

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