Pollen

Japanese: 花粉 - かふん
Pollen

It is the male gametophyte in seed plants, and is used almost synonymously with pollen grains. In terms of the mechanism of development, first, microspore mother cells (pollen mother cells) undergo meiosis in microsporangia (pollen sacs or anther chambers) to produce four microspores (four pollen particles), which usually divide further to become two to four cells, which remain in a more or less dormant state while wrapped in a thickened and differentiated pollen wall. At this stage, the germinating microspores that emerge from the microsporangia and are ready to be carried (mobile) by wind, water, or by attachment to animals such as insects, birds, and bats to the ovule or the stigma of the pistil are called pollen grains. Therefore, in terms of the developmental stages, there are various types of pollen, and the concept of pollen can be viewed as more ecological than developmental.

In gymnosperms, the microspore gives off vegetative cells (prothallus cells), then divides into pollen tube cells and androgenic cells, which then become stalk cells and central cells, from which two sperm cells (motile sperm in cycads and ginkgos) are produced. In gymnosperms, pollen usually develops after the pollen tube cells and androgenic cells have developed and divided into two to four cells. However, some pollen grains are unicellular, as in the Cupressaceae family, and some, such as Araucaria , have pollen grains with up to 40 nuclei derived from vegetative cells.

In angiosperms, the microspore generally divides into a pollen tube cell and an androgenic cell, which then divides into two sperm cells; however, pollen can be bicellular or tricellular.

Usually, four pollen grains are produced from one microspore cell, but in Cyperaceae and other species, only one reproductive pollen grain can be produced. In Ericaceae and other species, the four microspores remain attached and do not separate, while in Asclepiadaceae and Orchidaceae, even more microspores adhere to each other to form a pollinium.

Pollen grains vary in shape and size. Most are spherical or elliptical, but some are flat, polygonal, or rod-like. Pollen is usually 25 to 100 nanometers in diameter. Various patterns can be seen on the surface of pollen. These patterns are engraved on the outer layer of the outer wall of the pollen wall (the part that contains a lot of sporopollenin and is chemically stable). There is also a thin membrane on the outer wall, from which the germination apparatus from which the pollen tube extends is located. There are several types of germination apparatus, which are considered important as a phylogenetic trait, and the monogrooved pollen with a single elongated germination apparatus, which is commonly found in gymnosperms, is considered to be the most primitive.

The diversity of pollen shapes, sizes, and surface patterns, as well as the type of germination apparatus, are important factors in other research, such as the ability to determine the species of plants an insect visited by looking at the pollen on its body, and the ability to determine the succession of vegetation during the Quaternary Period by analyzing pollen in sediments.

[Michio Tamura]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

種子植物における雄性の配偶体のことで、花粉粒とほぼ同じ意味に用いられる。発生の仕組みからみると、まず、小胞子母細胞(花粉母細胞)が小胞子嚢(のう)(花粉嚢または葯室(やくしつ))の中で減数分裂を行い、それぞれ4個の小胞子(花粉4分子)をつくるが、普通それはさらに分裂して2~4個の細胞となり、肥厚・分化した花粉壁に包まれたまま、多少とも休眠の状態となる。こうした時期に小胞子嚢から出て、胚珠(はいしゅ)、または雌しべの柱頭へ、風や水、または昆虫、鳥、コウモリなどのような動物に付着することによって運ばれる(移動できる)状態になった発芽中の小胞子を花粉とよぶ。したがって、発生段階からみると、花粉にはいろいろなタイプがあり、花粉という概念も、発生学的よりも生態学的なとらえ方といえる。

 裸子植物の場合、小胞子は栄養細胞(前葉体細胞)を分出したのち、花粉管細胞と雄原細胞に分かれ、ついで雄原細胞は柄(へい)細胞と中心細胞になり、さらに中心細胞から2個の精細胞(ソテツやイチョウでは動性の精子)ができる。普通、裸子植物では、花粉管細胞と雄原細胞が生じて、2~4個の細胞に分かれた段階で花粉になることが多い。しかし、ヒノキ科のように一細胞性の花粉もあれば、ナンヨウスギ属Araucariaのように、栄養細胞に由来する40にも達する核をもつ花粉もある。

 被子植物の場合は、小胞子が花粉管細胞と雄原細胞に分裂し、さらに雄原細胞が2個の精細胞に分裂するのが一般的であるが、花粉には二細胞性のものと三細胞性のものとがある。

 普通、花粉は1個の小胞子細胞から4個つくられるが、カヤツリグサ科などでは生殖機能をもった花粉は1個しかできない。またツツジ科などでは、4個の小胞子は接着したまま分離しないし、トウワタ科、ラン科などでは、さらに多くのものが接着して花粉塊polliniumをつくる。

 花粉の形、大きさはさまざまである。外形は球状や楕円(だえん)状のものが多いが、扁平(へんぺい)、多角形、棒状のものもある。また大きさは径25~100ナノメートルのものが普通である。花粉の表面にはいろいろな模様がみられる。この模様が彫刻されるのは、花粉壁の外壁(スポロポレニンを多く含んで化学的に安定した部分)の外層の部分である。また、外壁には膜が薄くなっていて、そこから花粉管が伸長して出る発芽装置がある。発芽装置にはいくつかの型が認められるが、これは系統分類学的形質として重要視されるもので、裸子植物一般にみられる1個の細長い発芽装置をもった一溝性花粉は、もっとも原始的とみなされている。

 こうした花粉の形、大きさ、表面模様の多様性や発芽装置の型は、他の研究のうえでも、たいせつな要素となる。たとえば、昆虫の体についている花粉によって、その昆虫が訪れた植物の種を知ることができるし、堆積物(たいせきぶつ)中の花粉分析によって、第四紀における植生の遷移を知ることができるなどである。

[田村道夫]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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