It refers to all land improvement projects based on the Land Consolidation Law enacted in 1899 (Meiji 32), but generally refers to projects that correct the shape of farmland plots and develop farm roads and agricultural waterways accordingly. Land consolidation associations were organized with landowners as members, and these associations were the main operators of the projects, receiving subsidies from the government. After World War II, when the Land Improvement Law was enacted in 1949 (Showa 24) to replace the previous law, land consolidation in the narrow sense was renamed land readjustment, and projects came to be carried out by land improvement districts whose members were farmers. Furthermore, in 1963, a new field consolidation project was created that combined farm road construction, underdrainage, field irrigation, and irrigation and drainage with land consolidation, and land consolidation came to be generally referred to as field consolidation. When land consolidation is carried out, the plots become rectangular and farm roads are built, allowing agricultural machinery to enter the land. In paddy fields, irrigation channels and drainage channels are built into each plot, allowing water to be freely allocated and increasing yields. Also, land exchange plans can be used to consolidate scattered farmland. Thus, not only does land consolidation facilitate the mechanization and labor-saving of agricultural work, it also streamlines agricultural production and enables agricultural management to respond quickly to trends in demand. [Koide Susumu] [Reference items] | | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
1899年(明治32)に制定された耕地整理法に基づくすべての土地改良事業をいうが、一般には農地の区画形状を直し、それに伴い農道、農業水路を整備する事業をさしていた。土地所有者を組合員とする耕地整理組合が組織され、この組合が事業主体となり、国の補助を受けて行うものであった。第二次世界大戦後、1949年(昭和24)に同法のかわりに土地改良法が制定されると、狭義の耕地整理は区画整理と名を改め、耕作者を組合員とする土地改良区が主体となって事業が進められるようになった。さらに1963年には、区画整理に農道整備、暗渠(あんきょ)排水、畑地灌漑(かんがい)、灌漑排水を1種以上あわせた圃場(ほじょう)整備事業が新設され、区画整理は一般に圃場整備といわれるようになった。 圃場整備をすると、区画が長方形になり、農道がつくので、農業機械が農地に入れるようになる。水田では、用水路、排水路が各区画につくので、水の自由な掛け引きができ、収量が増加する。また、換地計画を活用して分散した農地を集団化することもできる。このため圃場整備によって、農作業の機械化・省力化が図られるだけでなく、農業生産の合理化、ひいては需要の動向に即応した農業経営を可能にできるのである。 [小出 進] [参照項目] | | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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