Bayes' theorem

Japanese: ベイズの定理 - べいずのていり
Bayes' theorem

Let us suppose that there are k events E 1 , E 2 , …, E k , and that no two of these events occur simultaneously, and that one of the k events always occurs. In this case, for event E,

This is called "Bayes' Theorem" after Thomas Bayes (1702-61), the British man who discovered it. The denominator of the right-hand side of the above formula is P(E 1 ∩E)+P(E 2 ∩E)+……
+P( Ek ∩E)
= P(( E1∪E2∪
∪Ek )∩E)=P(E)
On the other hand, the numerator is equal to P(E i ∩E), so the previous equation holds. Note that the events used for conditioning are swapped between the right and left sides of the above equation (*).

This theorem has a wide range of applications. Let k causes be considered, and the events that occur due to each of these causes be E1 , E2 , ..., Ek . The conditional probability that event E will occur when cause Ei occurs is pEi (E), and conversely, the conditional probability that event E occurred due to Ei is pE ( Ei ). Thinking in this way, p( Ei ) is called the prior probability, and pE ( Ei ) is called the posterior probability. Bayes' theorem plays an important role when performing statistical inference.

[Shigeru Furuya]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

k個の事象E1、E2、……、Ekがあって、このうちのどの二つも同時におこることはなく、k個のうちのどれか一つがかならずおこるとする。このとき、事象Eに対して

が成り立つ。これを発見したイギリスのベイズThomas Bayes(1702―61)にちなんで「ベイズの定理」という。前記の式の右辺の分母は、仮定によって
  P(E1∩E)+P(E2∩E)+……
    +P(Ek∩E)
   =P((E1∪E2
    ……∪Ek)∩E)=P(E)
である。一方、分子はP(Ei∩E)に等しいから前の等式が成り立つ。前記の等式(*)の右辺と左辺では、条件づけに用いられている事象が入れ替わっていることに注意されたい。

 この定理は応用が広い。いまk個の原因が考えられてその一つ一つの原因がおこるという事象をE1、E2、……、Ekとする。Eiという原因がおこった場合に、事象Eがおこるという条件付き確率がpEi(E)であり、逆に事象Eがおこった場合にそれがEiのもとでおこったという条件付き確率がpE(Ei)である。このように考えて、p(Ei)を事前確率、pE(Ei)を事後確率という。ベイズの定理は統計的推論を行うとき重要な役割を演ずる。

[古屋 茂]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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