Elmira Correctional Institution - Elmira Correctional Institution

Japanese: エルマイラ矯正院 - えるまいらきょうせいいん

...A treatment system that aimed not only to avoid prison sentences but also to actively improve criminals began to become clear around the time of the Cincinnati Declaration in 1870. Indefinite sentences for juveniles were introduced at the Elmira House of Correction in 1877, and this became more common and spread to every state in the United States in the early 20th century, with juvenile penalties acting as a guide for penal reform. In continental Europe, there was a strong trend for special preventionism based on the new theory of F. von List and others, but measures against criminals using indefinite sentences were rejected, and a dualism that supplemented punishment with security measures took root. ...

From "Indeterminate Punishment"

...However, if the aim of imprisonment is to actively reform criminals, specifying the length of the sentence at trial is considered unnecessary, and the length of imprisonment is determined ex post facto in relation to the achievement of the goal of reform. Indeterminate sentences based on this idea were adopted by the United States, which preceded continental Europe in the development of penal administration, and began in 1877 at the Elmira House of Correction in New York State, and became established in many states in the 20th century. There were various forms, but most were relatively indeterminate sentences, perhaps due to human rights considerations. ...

*Some of the terminology referenced in the "Elmira House of Correction" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…以上の実刑回避にとどまらず積極的に犯人改善を目ざしての処遇体制も，70年のシンシナティ宣言のころから明確になり始める。77年エルマイラ矯正院で少年に対して不定期刑が導入され，これが20世紀初頭にかけて一般化しつつ全米各州に広がるなど，少年行刑が行刑改革の水先案内を務める状況がみられた。ヨーロッパ大陸では，F.vonリストなど新派理論による特別予防主義の高調もあったが，不定期刑による犯罪者対策は拒否され保安処分によって刑罰を補う二元主義が定着した。…

【不定期刑】より

…しかし，自由刑によって積極的に犯罪者の改善矯正を目ざせば，裁判時における刑期の特定は無用の拘束とされ，拘禁期間は改善目標達成に関連して事後的に決まるものとなる。　このような考え方に基づく不定期刑は，行刑（ぎようけい）の発展においてヨーロッパ大陸に先行していたアメリカ合衆国の採るところとなり，1877年のニューヨーク州のエルマイラ矯正院におけるものを皮切りに20世紀に入って多くの州で定着をみた。その形態は種々であったが，多くは人権上の考慮もあってか相対的不定期刑であった。…

※「エルマイラ矯正院」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

<<: Elmer Gantry - Elmer Gantry

>>: El Volcancito - El Volcancito