Energy band

Japanese: エネルギー帯 - えねるぎーたい(英語表記)energy band
Energy band

This refers to the quantum mechanical energy level structure of electrons in a crystal. An atom consists of a nucleus and electrons surrounding it. In this case, electrons can only take on certain energies (energy levels). When atoms come together to form a solid (or liquid), the energy levels of the atom are split by the influence of other atoms, resulting in a collection of many levels with slightly different energy values. Unless the dimensions of the solid (liquid) are extremely small, the split levels are distributed with extremely small energy differences, and can be treated as having a continuous energy distribution. This is called an energy band. The width of the energy band and the relationship between the energy bands are collectively called the band structure. Whether a crystal is a good conductor or an insulator can be explained by how the electrons occupy the energy bands.

Metals, which are good conductors, have a band structure as shown in (1) in the figure , while insulators have a band structure as shown in (2). In the case of metals, electrons are in the conduction band at any temperature, and when an electric field is applied, the electrons are accelerated and an electric current flows, but in the case of insulators, the filled band is completely filled with electrons and the conduction band is completely empty, so no electric current flows. Since each energy state in the filled band is filled with electrons without any gaps, the electrons are not accelerated by the electric field unless a very large electric field is applied to excite the electrons in the filled band to the conduction band. Since electrons with energies between the filled band and the conduction band cannot exist in this crystal, this region is called the forbidden band, and the energy width of the forbidden band is called the energy gap. Semiconductors are classified as insulators based on their band structure, but because the energy width of the forbidden band is narrow, some electrons are thermally excited from the filled band to the conduction band to carry electricity, except at extremely low temperatures. The holes left in the filled zone become electron holes (vacancies created when electrons are removed from semiconductor crystals; they behave like positive charges), which also carry electricity.

[Seiichiro Noguchi]

[Reference] | Energy levels
Model of energy band structure (figure)
©Shogakukan ">

Model of energy band structure (figure)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

結晶内の電子の量子力学的なエネルギー準位の構造をいう。原子は原子核とそれを取り巻く電子とから成り立っている。この場合の電子は決まったエネルギー(エネルギー準位)しかとることができない。原子が集まって固体(あるいは液体)をつくると、原子のときのエネルギー準位は他の原子の影響を受けて分裂し、少しずつエネルギー値の異なる多数の準位の集合となる。固体(液体)が極端に小さな寸法でない限り、分裂した準位はきわめて小さなエネルギー差で分布し、連続的なエネルギー分布をもつとみなして取り扱うことが許される。これをエネルギー帯という。エネルギー帯の幅やエネルギー帯相互の関係を総合して帯構造とよぶ。結晶が電気の良導体になるか絶縁体になるかは、エネルギー帯を電子がどのように占有するかによって説明することができる。

 良導体である金属ではの(1)のような、絶縁体ではの(2)のような帯構造をもっている。金属の場合にはどんな温度においても伝導帯に電子が入っていて、電場をかけると電子が加速され電流が流れるが、絶縁体の場合には充満帯は完全に電子で満たされ伝導帯は完全に空になっているから電流は流れない。充満帯の中の各エネルギー状態はすきまなく電子で満たされているため、非常に大きな電場をかけて充満帯の電子を伝導帯に励起しない限り、電場による電子の加速はおこらない。充満帯と伝導帯との中間のエネルギーをもつ電子はこの結晶の中では存在できないために、この領域を禁止帯とよび、禁止帯のエネルギー幅をエネルギー・ギャップという。半導体は帯構造から分類すると絶縁体の仲間になるが、禁止帯のエネルギー幅が狭いためにきわめて低温の場合を除いて、いくらかの電子が充満帯から伝導帯に熱的に励起されて電気を運ぶ。充満帯に残された孔は正孔(せいこう)(半導体の結晶において電子が抜けてできた空孔。正の電荷のようにふるまう)となって、これも電気を運ぶ役割を果たす。

[野口精一郎]

[参照項目] | エネルギー準位
エネルギー帯の帯構造のモデル〔図〕
©Shogakukan">

エネルギー帯の帯構造のモデル〔図〕


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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