Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa

Japanese: カピッツァ - かぴっつぁ(英語表記)Пётр Леонидович Капица/Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa
Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa

Soviet physicist. Known for discovering the superfluidity of liquid helium II and developing a helium and oxygen liquefaction device. Born July 9th in Kronstadt. Studied at St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, graduating in 1918, the year after the October Revolution. In 1921, he went to England and studied under Rutherford at the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University. Due to the need for research on alpha rays, he created a device that generated a 300,000 gauss instantaneous strong magnetic field, which was revolutionary at the time. In 1933, he became the first director of the Royal Mond Laboratory, and developed a new helium liquefaction device using an expansion engine to study the properties of metals at extremely low temperatures. Returning to the USSR in 1934, he became director of the Institute of Physical Problems in Moscow, where he led the construction of the institute, and Landau, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1962 for his theoretical research on superfluid liquid helium, was also welcomed here as head of the theoretical department. In 1938, he discovered superfluidity, where liquid helium flows without viscosity through thin capillaries and gaps near absolute zero. He is famous for his achievements in cryogenic research, including second sound and the Kapitza resistance. During World War II, he contributed to steel production by realizing the mass production of liquid oxygen using a turbine expander, for which he was awarded the Order of Lenin. His achievements in liquefaction devices were remarkable, and many of the liquefaction devices used today are essentially due to his research. He became a member of the Atomic Energy Conference in 1937, but was not cooperative in the manufacture of the atomic bomb, and was dismissed from all public positions except for membership in the Academy of Sciences for five years from 1946. From 1957, he served as chairman of the Interplanetary Committee, overseeing the launch of the artificial satellite Sputnik. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1978 for his "inventions and discoveries in low temperature physics."

[Tokiwano Kazuo]

[References] | Liquefaction | Sputnik | Superfluidity | Low Temperature Physics | Rutherford | Landau

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ソ連の物理学者。液体ヘリウムⅡの超流動性の発見、ヘリウム、酸素液化装置の開発で知られる。7月9日クロンシュタットに生まれる。ペテルブルグ工科大学に学び、十月革命の翌年1918年に卒業、1921年にイギリスに渡り、ケンブリッジ大学キャベンディッシュ研究所でラザフォードに師事した。α(アルファ)線の研究の必要から、当時としては画期的な30万ガウスの瞬間強磁場発生装置をつくった。1933年王立モンド研究所の初代所長に就任、極低温における金属物性研究のため膨張機関による新しいヘリウム液化装置を開発。1934年帰国、モスクワの物理問題研究所長となり、同研究所の建設を指導、超流動性を示す液体ヘリウムの理論的研究で1962年ノーベル物理学賞を受賞したランダウもここに理論部長として迎えられた。1938年、絶対零度近くで液体ヘリウムが細い毛細管やすきまを粘性なしに流れる超流動性を発見した。第二音波やカピッツァ抵抗など極低温研究における業績は有名である。第二次世界大戦中は、タービン膨張機による液体酸素の量産を実現して鉄鋼生産に貢献、レーニン勲章を受けた。液化装置における功績は著しく、今日使われている液化機の多くは基本的に彼の研究に負っている。1937年原子力会議の委員となったが、原子爆弾製造に関して協力的でなく、1946年から5年間、科学アカデミー会員を除くすべての公職を解任された。1957年から惑星間委員会委員長として人工衛星スプートニク打上げを指導した。「低温物理学における発明と発見」により、1978年ノーベル物理学賞を受賞した。

[常盤野和男]

[参照項目] | 液化 | スプートニク | 超流動 | 低温物理学 | ラザフォード | ランダウ

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