A school of educational thinkers belonging to American traditionalism, generally translated as essentialist or essentialist. They consider the transmission of cultural heritage to be the main function of education, and argue that teachers should be responsible for teaching the common core of cultural heritage (certain knowledge, skills, attitudes, ideals, etc.) necessary for effective adaptation to the realities of life through systematic planning of subjects and teacher activities. Therefore, essentialists emphasize the need for children's effort and training in order to acquire these essentials in education. The two are often contrasted, as progressivists aim for the development of healthy personalities in children and place importance on children's interests, freedom, spontaneity, etc. The term "essentialists" was first used by Michael John Demiashkevich (1891-1939) in 1935, and attracted attention in 1938 when William Chandler Bagley (1874-1946) founded the "Essentialist Committee for the Advancement of American Education" in opposition to the progressive education movement. Although their movement itself was relatively short-lived, their educational ideas continue to be carried on in various forms today. For example, the curriculum reforms in Japan from the late 1950s to the 1970s have many parts that coincide with the claims of essentialists. [Takaya Yamazaki] [References] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
アメリカの伝統主義に属する教育思想家の一派で、一般に本質主義者または本質派と訳される。文化遺産の伝達を教育の主要機能とみなし、生活現実に有効に適応するために必要な文化遺産の共通の中核(一定の知識、技能、態度、理想など)を、教師が責任をもって教科ならびに教師の活動の体系的計画によって教えるべきであると主張する。したがって本質主義者は、こうした教育におけるエッセンシャルズ(本質的なもの、必須(ひっす)要素)を習得させるために、児童の努力や訓練の必要性を強調する。進歩主義者が児童の健全なパーソナリティの成長を目ざし、児童の興味や自由、自発性などを重視するので、両者はよく対比される。 エッセンシャリストの呼称は、1935年デミアシュケビッチMichael John Demiashkevich(1891―1939)によって初めて用いられ、38年バグリーWilliam Chandler Bagley(1874―1946)を中心に、進歩主義教育運動に対抗して「アメリカ教育の前進のためのエッセンシャリスト委員会」が結成されて注目を集めた。彼らの運動そのものは比較的短命に終わったが、その教育思想は今日多様な形で受け継がれている。たとえば、日本における1950年代後半から70年代にかけてのカリキュラム改革は、エッセンシャリストの主張と一致する部分が多い。 [山崎高哉] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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