Council of Constance

Japanese: コンスタンツ公会議 - コンスタンツこうかいぎ（英語表記）Council of Constance

The 16th Ecumenical Council (1414.11.5.-1418.4.22.) convened by Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund in Constance on Lake Constance, with the antipope John XXIII as convener, aimed to settle the Great Schism between the three popes (→ Great Schism). When the voting method adopted was that England, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain had one vote each as the nations of the Council, and the College of Cardinals had one vote, John's initial dominance changed drastically. Furthermore, when the investigation of his private life was brought up, John offered a conditional abdication and fled in 1415 in an attempt to destroy the Council. The subsequent chaos was settled by the emperor, and the Council voted for the Sacrosancta, which declared that the Pope was superior to the Pope by authority given to him by Christ (→ Papal primacy). John was taken prisoner and deposed. Pope Gregory XII issued a new bull in July of the same year, validating the council, and then voluntarily abdicated. The council awarded him the cardinal-bishopric of Porto and the second rank after the pope. In July 17, the council deposed the Avignon antipope Benedict XIII, adopted a proposal for church reform, and in November elected the new pope Martin V. However, Benedict XIII continued to claim the papacy until his death. The council condemned Wycliffe's 45 theses and Hus's 30 theses, summoned Hus himself, convicted him of heresy, and handed him over to secular authorities for execution. The papacy refused to recognize the primacy of the council, leaving a source of great controversy for the future.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

対立教皇ヨハネス 23世を召集者として神聖ローマ皇帝ジギスムントがボーデン湖畔のコンスタンツに開いた第 16回公会議 (1414.11.5.～18.4.22.) で，3教皇鼎立の大離教の収拾を目指した (→大分裂 ) 。イギリス，フランス，ドイツ，イタリア，スペインが公会議民族として各1票を有し，枢機卿団が1票をもつという採決方式がとられると，当初のヨハネスの優位は一転。さらに彼の私生活の吟味が話題に上るに及んでヨハネスは条件付きの退位を申出たり，1415年逃亡し公会議をつぶそうと試みたりした。その後の混乱は皇帝によって収拾され，公会議はキリストから与えられた権限により教皇よりも上位に立つという教令 Sacrosanctaを採決 (→教皇の首位権 ) 。ヨハネスは囚人として引戻されて罷免された。教皇グレゴリウス 12世は同年7月，あらためて召集の教書を発して公会議を正当なものとしたのち，自発的に退位，公会議は彼にポルトの枢機卿司教の座と教皇に次ぐ第2の位とを与えた。 17年7月にはアビニョンの対立教皇ベネディクツス 13世を罷免し，教会改革案を採択したのち，11月，新教皇マルチヌス5世を選出した。しかし，ベネディクツス 13世は死ぬまで教皇の地位を主張し続けた。この公会議ではウィクリフの 45命題とフスの 30命題を断罪し，フス自身を召喚して異端の有罪判決を下し，処刑のために世俗権力に引渡した。教皇庁は公会議首位説の承認を拒み，のちに大きな論争の種を残した。

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