A diode announced by Leona Esaki in 1957. It has a negative resistance region (the passing current decreases with increasing applied voltage) and is also called a tunnel diode because it exhibits the quantum mechanical phenomenon of electrons penetrating an energy barrier (tunnel effect). In diodes made of pn junctions with a high impurity concentration, current flows due to the tunnel effect even at low forward voltages where no current flows in normal diodes, and this current decreases when the voltage is increased beyond that. If the voltage is increased further, the same diffusion current flows as in normal diodes, and an N-shaped voltage-current characteristic is obtained overall. The voltage at which the current is at a minimum varies depending on the semiconductor used: it is about 0.36 volts for germanium, about 0.6 volts for gallium arsenide, and somewhere in between for silicon. The tunneling phenomenon is when the depletion layer formed in a pn junction becomes thin, and a strong internal electric field caused by a high impurity concentration causes a current to flow through the depletion layer, which would not normally flow. Due to quantum mechanical effects, the response speed is extremely fast and the noise is essentially low. For this reason, Esaki diodes enclosed in containers with small series inductance have good high-frequency characteristics and are used in microwave amplifiers, oscillators, and ultra-fast switching elements. Because of their particularly low noise, they were often used in the first stage of microwave amplifiers. However, because they are two-terminal elements, it is difficult to separate the input and output, and they are prone to self-oscillation, so since the 1980s they have been replaced by field effect transistors, which are three-terminal elements using gallium arsenide and make it easy to separate the input and output. [Masatoshi Mitaka] [Reference] | |©Shogakukan "> Voltage-current characteristics of Esaki diode Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
江崎玲於奈(れおな)が1957年(昭和32)に発表したダイオード。負性抵抗(印加電圧の増加によって通過電流が減少する)領域をもち、量子力学的な電子のエネルギー障壁突き抜け現象(トンネル効果)が現れるので、トンネルダイオードともよばれる。不純物濃度の高いpn接合でできたダイオードでは、普通のダイオードで電流の流れない順方向電圧の低い所でもトンネル効果による電流が流れ、それ以上電圧が増すとこの電流は減少する。さらに電圧を増すと、普通のダイオードと同じ拡散電流が流れ、全体としてN字形の電圧電流特性が得られる。電流が極小となる電圧は使われる半導体によって変わり、ゲルマニウムで約0.36ボルト、ヒ化ガリウム(ガリウムヒ素)で約0.6ボルト、シリコン(ケイ素)ではその中間である。 トンネル現象とは、pn接合内にできる空乏層が薄くなると、高不純物濃度のために生じた強力な内部電界によって、本来ならば流れない空乏層を電流が流れることをいう。量子力学的効果のためきわめて応答速度が速く本質的に低雑音である。このため、直列インダクタンスの小さい容器に封入したエサキダイオードは高周波特性が良好で、マイクロ波増幅、発振素子や超高速スイッチ素子に用いられる。とくに低雑音であることから、マイクロ波増幅装置の初段増幅によく用いられた。しかし、2端子素子のため、入力と出力の分離がむずかしく、自励発振しやすいので、1980年代以降ではヒ化ガリウムを用いた、3端子素子で、入出力の分離が容易な電界効果トランジスタがかわって用いられる。 [右高正俊] [参照項目] | |©Shogakukan"> エサキダイオードの電圧電流特性 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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