Robert Morrison MacIver

Japanese: マッキーバー - まっきーばー(英語表記)Robert Morrison MacIver
Robert Morrison MacIver

American sociologist and political scientist. Born in Scotland. Studied at Edinburgh and Oxford. After serving as a professor at the University of Toronto in Canada, he was a professor at Columbia University from 1920 to 1950. As a leading figure in the Columbia School, he had a wide influence in the fields of sociology, politics, and philosophy. He criticized the American sociology of the postwar period for its excessive respect for empirical procedures and its following the methods of natural science based on behavioral science, and emphasized the need for sociological methodology as an ideology. He also resisted McCarthyism, which hit the American intellectual world in the 1950s, and maintained his position as a liberal thinker. His works include Community (1917), Elements of Social Science (1921), The Modern State (1926), and Society: Its Structure and Change (1931).

He is especially known for his unique ideas and designs on the theory of the state and the community. Regarding the theory of the state, he conceived a "pluralistic theory of the state" that places it on the same level as associations as various interest groups. It is noteworthy that he conceived this liberal theory of the state in an era when the institutional framework of the monolithic theory of the state and nationalistic ideology were strong. This pluralistic theory of the state is highly regarded for its foresight, given that after World War II, a system of collaboration between various actors that goes beyond the framework of the state (transnational) was preached, and such a movement has also emerged in reality. His theory of community is well known, but its distinctive feature is the commonality of interests that cross people's interests. It is a universal concept for people, rather than a period type seen in, for example, Tönnies's "Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft," and clearly shows the perspective of a community society based on common interests and feelings of belonging.

[Michihiro Okuda]

"Community" (1975, reprinted in 2009, Minerva Publishing) by Hiroshi Nakamura and Michiharu Matsumoto, supervised translation ; "Social Work and Sociology" by R.M. McIver, translated by Kenzo Oda (1988, Seishin Publishing)

[Reference items] | Community | Pluralistic state theory

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

アメリカの社会学者、政治学者。スコットランドに生まれる。エジンバラ、オックスフォード両大学に学ぶ。カナダのトロント大学教授を経て、1920~1950年コロンビア大学教授。コロンビア学派の指導的人物として、社会学界、政治学界、そして哲学界に幅広い影響力をもった。戦後アメリカ社会学が実証的な手続の尊重のあまり、行動科学に基礎を置く自然科学の方法をたどることに批判を加え、思想としての社会学方法論の立場の必要性を強調した。また1950年代にアメリカ思想界を襲ったマッカーシズムに抗し、リベラルな思想家としての立場を堅持した。『コミュニティ』(1917)、『社会科学要論』(1921)、『近代国家論』(1926)、『社会――その構造と変動』(1931)などの著書がある。

 とくに独自の国家論とコミュニティ論の思想と設計によって知名度が高い。国家論については、さまざまの利害集団としてのアソシエーションと同じ地平に位置づける、「多元的国家論」を構想。一元的な国家論の制度的な枠組み、あるいは国家主義的イデオロギーの濃厚な時代において、このリベラルな国家論を構想したことは、特筆に値しよう。この多元的国家論は、第二次世界大戦後、国家の枠組みを超えた(トランス・ナショナル)さまざまの行為主体間の協働システムが説かれ、また現実にもそのような動きが台頭してきているなかで、そのもつ先見性が評価されよう。彼のコミュニティ論はあまりにも有名だが、その特色は、人々の諸利害をクロスする関心の共同にある。それはたとえばテンニエスの「ゲマインシャフトとゲゼルシャフト」にみられた時代類型というより、人々にとっての普遍的な概念であり、利害関心の共同、共属感情に基礎を置く共同社会の視点を明示している。

[奥田道大]

『中久郎・松本通晴監訳『コミュニティ』(1975/復刊版・2009・ミネルヴァ書房)』『R・M・マッキーヴァー著、小田兼三訳『ソーシャル・ワークと社会学』(1988・誠信書房)』

[参照項目] | コミュニティ | 多元的国家論

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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