Treaty of Tianjin - Anglo-Qing

...After 1870 (the 9th year of the Tongzhi era), the Northern Minister Li Hongzhang was in charge of negotiations in Tianjin, and many Tianjin treaties were signed (see table). The contents were diverse, but the Anglo-Qing Tianjin Treaty, which was concluded on June 26, 1858 (the 8th year of the Xianfeng era) between the Qing's Imperial Ministers Guiliang and Huashana and the British Plenipotentiary JB Elgin (1811-63) under the threat of the British and French allied forces, had 56 articles and became the prototype for subsequent unequal treaties. The main points of the treaty were: (1) it stipulated that foreign envoys be stationed in Beijing or enter the capital at any time, that envoys were not envoys of tributary nations, and clearly rejected the practice of three kneelings and nine kowtows. ...

*Some of the terminology used in reference to the Treaty of Tianjin is listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

…また，1870年(同治9)以降には北洋大臣李鴻章が天津にあって交渉の任についたため，多くの天津条約が調印された(表参照)。内容は多様であるが，なかでも58年(咸豊8)6月26日，イギリス･フランス連合軍の威嚇の下に，清国欽差大臣桂良，花沙納とイギリス全権J.B.エルギン(1811‐63)との間に結ばれた〈英清天津条約〉全56条は，以降の不平等条約の原型となった。その要点は，(1)外国公使の北京常駐あるいは随時入京を定め，公使は朝貢国の使節ではないとし，三跪九叩礼(叩頭（こうとう）)をはっきり否定した。…

※「英清天津条約」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

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