The director is the creative director who directs the entire creative process in film production and leads the work to completion. While collaborating with other production staff, he usually oversees all areas related to the creation, such as cinematography, lighting, art direction, editing, and acting, and is responsible for the final form of the work. The role of the director has changed over the years. A typical example is the case of the United States, where early directors had a strong voice in the overall production of films, and were able to reflect their own inclinations throughout the film, as in the case of D.W. Griffith. However, as the studio system spread, the scope of the director's discretion gradually became limited. This is because, under the studio system, the logic of business takes precedence over artistic practice. Under the direction of producers with great authority, the efficiency of film production was pursued and the division of labor in production was promoted, and the individuality and influence of the director retreated from the film and became diluted. With the arrival of talkies, which required huge production costs, the inclination toward less risky production methods became stronger, and this trend was further accelerated. During this period, there were directors such as John Ford, Alfred Hitchcock, and William Wyler who demonstrated their originality and achieved box office success, but in many cases it was the fame of the star, not the director, that drew audiences. However, from the 1950s to the 1960s, the position of the director began to change. The studio system and star system were weakening, auteurism, which considered the film director the "writer" of the film, emerged in France and became very popular, and European directors with independent creative activities such as Michelangelo Antonioni, Federico Fellini, and Ingmar Bergman came to be in the international limelight. As a result, the individuality of the director began to be emphasized in America as well. It was during this period that directors with unique creative styles such as Arthur Penn and Stanley Kubrick emerged. Furthermore, in the 1970s, a new generation of directors who graduated from film universities, such as Francis Ford Coppola, Martin Scorsese, George Lucas, and Steven Spielberg, appeared, and their artistic and commercial success led to an era in which the director's name became an important factor in determining the evaluation and box office success of a film. In Japan, too, from the 1980s when the studio system collapsed, production methods changed rapidly to include independent production companies and self-produced films, and the recognition that the director is at the heart of film creation became stronger and more widespread. [Ken Okumura] [References] | | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
映画製作において創作過程全体を指揮し、作品を完成に導く創造面の総責任者。ほかの製作スタッフと協働しながらも、撮影、照明、美術、編集、演技など、創造にかかわるすべての領域を統括し、作品の最終形に責任を負うのが通例である。監督の役割は、時代とともに変化してきた。典型例はアメリカの場合で、草創期の監督は映画製作全体に大きな発言力をもち、D・W・グリフィスのように、みずからの志向を映画全体に反映させることも可能だった。だが、スタジオ・システムの浸透とともに、しだいにその裁量範囲は限定されていく。スタジオ・システムのもとでは、芸術的実践よりも経営の論理が優先されるからである。強大な権限をもつプロデューサーの指揮のもと、映画生産の効率性が追求され、製作の分業化が促進されるなか、監督の個性や影響力は映画から後退し、希薄化していった。巨額の製作費を必要とするトーキーの到来で、危険度の少ない製作方式への傾斜はますます強まり、この流れにさらに拍車がかる。この時代、ジョン・フォードやアルフレッド・ヒッチコック、ウィリアム・ワイラーのように、独自性を発揮するとともに興行的にも成功を収めた監督もいたが、多くの場合、観客の動員力となったのは、監督ではなくスターの名声であった。 しかし1950年代から1960年代にかけて、監督の位置づけに変化が起こる。スタジオ・システムおよびスター・システムが弱体化していったこと、映画監督を映画作品の「作家」とみなす作家主義がフランスで興り一世を風靡(ふうび)したこと、ミケランジェロ・アントニオーニやフェデリコ・フェリーニ、イングマール・ベルイマンら、自立的な創作活動を行うヨーロッパの監督が国際的に脚光を浴びるようになったことなどが起因し、アメリカでも監督の個性が重視され始める。アーサー・ペンやスタンリー・キューブリックら、独創的な創作スタイルをもつ監督が頭角を現すのはこの時期である。さらに1970年代、フランシス・フォード・コッポラ、マーティン・スコセッシ、ジョージ・ルーカス、スティーブン・スピルバーグといった映画大学出身の新世代監督が登場し、彼らが芸術的にも興行的にも成功を収めたことで、監督名が作品の評価や興行成績を左右する重要な要素となる時代が訪れるようになった。日本でも、撮影所システムが瓦解(がかい)する1980年代から、独立プロダクションの製作や自主製作など、製作方式が急速に変化していくなかで、監督が映画創作の中心に位置するという認識がますます強まると同時に、広く浸透していった。 [奥村 賢] [参照項目] | | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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