Turnpike (English spelling)

Japanese: ターンパイク（英語表記）turnpike

Toll roads appeared in the UK and the US from the late 18th century to the early 19th century. In the UK, since early modern times, the responsibility and cost of managing and maintaining public roads had been the responsibility of the parish along the road, but the parishes could no longer bear the burden, and specialized knowledge became essential for road maintenance, so toll roads were created as a new method of road management. However, since the management was left to individual private companies, there were many problems such as fraudulent toll collection and sloppy road repairs, so they gradually came to be managed by public institutions and disappeared. After World War II, with the spread of expressways, the word was revived to mean toll roads. It is also used as a term in economics to mean the shortest route to a destination.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

18世紀後半から 19世紀前半にかけてイギリスやアメリカに出現した有料道路。イギリスでは近世以来，公道管理と維持の責任，費用負担は沿道の教区にあったが，教区ではその負担に耐えられず，また道路維持に専門的知識が不可欠となってきたために，新しい道路管理の方式として生れた。しかしその管理は個々の民間企業にまかせられたため，料金収受の不正，いいかげんな道路補修などの弊害も大きく，次第に公共機関による管理に移されて消滅した。第2次世界大戦後，高速自動車道普及で，有料道路の意味でこの語が復活した。目標への最短経路という意味合いで経済学の用語としても使用されている。

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