Acetoacetic acid - Sweat and Sakusan

Japanese: アセト酢酸 - あせとさくさん
Acetoacetic acid - Sweat and Sakusan

It is an unstable liquid acid with a melting point of 37°C. Its chemical formula is CH 3 COCH 2 COOH, and if it is left for a long time or heated, it decomposes into acetone and carbon dioxide. Diabetic patients have a lot of acetoacetic acid in their blood, and it is also excreted in their urine. In the body, one molecule of acetoacetic acid is produced from two molecules of acetyl coenzyme A. Acetoacetic acid is further produced into β-oxybutyric acid and acetone. These substances are collectively called ketone bodies. Ketone bodies are produced in the liver, but are not metabolized and are released directly into the circulating blood. In tissues other than the liver, coenzyme A is transferred from succinyl coenzyme A to acetoacetic acid, making it "active acetoacetic acid," which is then metabolized to carbon dioxide and water through the citric acid cycle. When most of the energy supply is provided by fat, such as in starvation, diabetes, or a high-fat diet, the body does not have a major metabolic pathway to convert fat into carbohydrates, resulting in carbohydrate deficiency. In such cases, the metabolism of fat as an alternative energy source to carbohydrates is significantly enhanced, producing a large amount of acetyl coenzyme A. This forms acetoacetic acid, and when the amount increases to a level that cannot be oxidized in the body, ketone bodies accumulate in the blood, a condition known as ketosis. The excretion of acetoacetic acid also increases when diabetic patients are administered amino acids such as leucine and tyrosine. A similar phenomenon is also observed when animals are injected with phlorizin, a glycoside that inhibits the absorption of sugar.

[Yasushi Iijima]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

融点37℃の不安定な液状の酸。化学式CH3COCH2COOHで、長く放置しておいたり、熱したりすると、アセトンと炭酸ガスに分解する。糖尿病患者の血液中には、アセト酢酸が多く、尿中にも排出されてくる。生体内では、2分子のアセチル補酵素Aから、1分子のアセト酢酸が生成される。アセト酢酸からさらにβ(ベータ)-オキシ酪酸およびアセトンが生ずる。これらの物質を総称してケトン体とよぶ。ケトン体は肝臓で産生されるが、代謝はされず、そのまま循環血中に放出される。肝臓以外の組織では、サクシニル補酵素Aから、補酵素Aをアセト酢酸へ転移させて、「活性アセト酢酸」にしたのち、これをクエン酸回路によって炭酸ガスと水に代謝してしまう。飢餓、糖尿病、高脂肪食などで、熱量供給のほとんどが脂肪によって賄われるときには、脂肪を炭水化物に変える主要な代謝経路が生体に存在しないため、炭水化物欠乏症となる。このようなとき、炭水化物にかわるエネルギー源としての脂肪の代謝が著しく増強され、大量のアセチル補酵素Aが生ずる。これがアセト酢酸を形成し、生体内で酸化しきれないほど増すと、ケトン体が血中に蓄積してくるが、これをケトーシスという。糖尿病患者にロイシンやチロシンなどのアミノ酸を投与した際にもアセト酢酸の排出が増す。また、動物にフロリジンという糖の吸収を抑制するグリコシドを注射すると、これと同様の現象がみられる。

[飯島康輝]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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