Geshi

Japanese: 下司 - げし
Geshi

It can also be read as "gesu."

(1) A civil servant whose position is considered lowly in comparison to his superiors.

(2) A person who executes the duties of a manor on site. In contrast to the superior who handles manor affairs in the manor lord's administrative office and the nakaji (azukari) who acts as a liaison between the superior and the manor on site, the person who handles the actual work on site was called a "shoji". In some cases, the local lord (landlord) who donated his land was appointed as a shoji, and in other cases, the shoji was appointed by the manor lord and sent to the site. The shoji managed the manor and its people, and submitted taxes and public duties to the manor lord. In return, they were given land and a title, as well as land and the right to collect rice and labor taxes. In the late Heian period, local geshi became hereditary, and many of them held the positions of gunji and goji in the kokuga territories, using these positions as a foothold to grow into local lords and become samurai. The Kamakura Shogunate was established by organizing such local lords as gokenin.

[Takeshi Abe]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

「げす」とも読む。

(1)役人で、上司に対して卑賤(ひせん)な職掌のものをいう。

(2)荘園(しょうえん)の現地にあって荘務を執行するものをいう。荘園領主の政所(まんどころ)で荘園のことを扱う上司、上司と荘園現地の間の連絡にあたる中司(預(あずかり))に対して、現地で実務にあたるものを「荘の下司」(荘司(しょうじ))といった。所領を寄進した在地の領主(地主)がそのまま下司に任命される場合と、荘園領主から任命されて現地に赴任するものとがあった。下司は荘地・荘民を管理し、年貢・公事(くじ)を荘園領主に進済する。代償として給田(きゅうでん)・給名(きゅうみょう)を与えられたほか、佃(つくだ)を給されたり、加徴米や夫役(ぶやく)の徴収を認められたりした。平安末期には、在地の下司は世襲となり、国衙(こくが)領の郡司職(ぐんじしき)・郷司職(ごうじしき)を兼帯して、それらの職(しき)を足掛りにして在地領主として成長し武士化するものが多かった。鎌倉幕府は、そのような在地領主層を御家人(ごけにん)として組織することによって成立したものであった。

[阿部 猛]

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