Geomorphologically, it refers to a large basin that is fully or partially walled. Volcanologists distinguish between (1) explosion caldera, (2) subsidence caldera, and (3) explosion caldera deepened by subsidence. Daly proposed to restrict the name caldera to explosion caldera, calling subsidence caldera a volcanic sink, and (3) sunken caldera [Daly: 1914]. Williams defined a caldera as a large volcanic depression, more or less circular or circular in shape, with a diameter many times larger than its crater, and with any steepness of walls or shape of floor [Williams: 1941]. Most calderas are formed by depressions. According to Williams, these are classified as follows: (1) explosion caldera, (2) collapse caldera, (3) erosion caldera, (4) volcanic graben, (5) volcanic rent, fissure trough, and (6) major volcano-tectonic depression. Collapse calderas (2) include the Krakatoa, Kilauea, Katmai, and Glencoe types [Williams: 1941]. The word comes from the Latin caldaria , and the Portuguese caldeira means caldron. The Spanish word caldera also generally means a pot or kettle, but it is the name of a crater in the Spanish Canary Islands [Random House: 1994]. There is a theory that the name caldera was used by Lyell in 1865 [Utashiro et al.: 1978]. Source: Asakura Publishing Dictionary of Petrology Information |
地形学的には,大きな盆地で全部または部分的に壁があるものを指している.火山学者は,(1) 爆発カルデラ(explosion caldera),(2) 沈降カルデラ(subsidence caldera),(3) 沈降により深くなった爆発カルデラ(explosion caldera deepened by subsidence)に区別している.デイリイはカルデラの名称は爆発カルデラに限定することを提案し,沈降カルデラを(volcanic sink)とし,(3) のものを沈没カルデラ(sunken caldera)とよんだ[Daly : 1914].ウイリアムスは,カルデラは大きな火山性窪地で多少円いか円に似た形をしており,直径はその火口の何倍も大きいもので,壁の険しさや床の形がどのようでも構わない[Williams : 1941].大部分のカルデラは陥没で形成されている.ウイリアムスによれば,これらは(1) 爆発カルデラ(explosion caldera),(2) 陥没カルデラ(collapse caldera),(3) 浸食カルデラ(erosion caldera),(4) 火山性地溝(volcanic graben),(5) 火山性砕裂凹地(volcanic rent, fissure trough),(6) 火山構造性大陥没地(major volcano-tectonic depression)に分類されている.(2) の陥没カルデラにはクラカトア(Krakatoa)型,キラウエア(Kilauea)型,カトマイ(Katmai)型,グレンコウ(Glencoe)型などが含まれる[Williams : 1941].ラテン語のcaldariaからきた語で,ポルトガル語のcaldeiraは大鍋(caldron)の意味.スペイン語のcalderaも一般には鍋,釜のことであるが,スペイン領のカナリー諸島(Canary Is.)の噴火口の名称である[ランダムハウス : 1994].カルデラの名称はライエルが1865年に使用したという説がある[歌代ほか : 1978]. 出典 朝倉書店岩石学辞典について 情報 |
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