Hemoptysis

Japanese: 喀血 - かっけつ
Hemoptysis

When all the components of blood leave the blood vessels, it is called bleeding, and is classified into various types depending on the location. Hemoptysis is one of these categories, and refers to bleeding that occurs from the lungs or bronchi and is vomited. On the other hand, bleeding that occurs from the digestive tract, such as the stomach or esophagus, is called hematemesis, and it is clinically important to distinguish between hemoptysis and hematemesis. Hemoptysis is bright red and contains foam, while hematemesis is dark red and without foam, and often contains food residue. Hematemesis has an acidic reaction due to the mixed gastric juice, while hemoptysis is alkaline. Hematemesis is accompanied by gastric symptoms such as nausea and vomiting, while hemoptysis causes respiratory symptoms such as coughing and phlegm, and often causes bloody phlegm after coughing up blood. If hemoptysis occurs during sleep, the blood may be swallowed and then vomited from the stomach, so caution is required.

Hemoptysis is a frequent and important symptom of respiratory diseases, and can occur from any lesion in the airways from the larynx to the lungs. If it occurs frequently, attention should be paid to pulmonary tuberculosis or lung cancer. Other diseases that can accompany hemoptysis include: airway damage caused by severe coughing, pulmonary cysts, bronchiectasis, infections such as pneumonia and pulmonary dystomatitis, pulmonary infarction, pulmonary hemorrhage or congestion caused by mitral valve stenosis, lesions of intrapulmonary blood vessels such as periarteritis nodosa, and blood diseases that cause bleeding tendency. Therefore, if hemoptysis is observed, detailed examinations of the respiratory system, cardiovascular system, and blood system must be performed to determine the cause of hemoptysis.

[Yutaka Watanabe]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

血液の全成分が血管外に出ることを出血とよび、その部位により各種に分類される。喀血もこの分類のなかの一つで、肺や気管支から出血して吐き出されたものをいう。一方、胃や食道などの消化管から出血して吐き出されたものは吐血(とけつ)とよばれ、喀血と吐血の区別は臨床的に重要である。喀血は鮮紅色で泡を含むのに対し、吐血は暗赤色で泡はなく、食物の残渣(ざんさ)を含むことが多い。吐血は混入する胃液のため酸性反応を呈するが、喀血はアルカリ性である。また吐血の場合は、悪心(おしん)、嘔吐(おうと)などの胃症状を伴うが、喀血は、咳(せき)、痰(たん)などの呼吸器症状を訴え、喀血後しばしば血痰を呈する。睡眠中におこった喀血は、飲み込まれたのち、胃から嘔吐されることもあるので注意を要する。

 喀血は呼吸器疾患にしばしばみられる重要な症状で、咽喉頭(いんこうとう)から肺に至る気道のどこの病変からもおこりうる。頻度の多い場合は肺結核、あるいは肺癌(がん)に対する注意をしなければならない。そのほか、喀血を伴う疾患として次のようなものがある。激しい咳による気道の損傷、肺嚢腫(のうしゅ)、気管支拡張症、肺炎や肺ジストマ症などのような感染症、肺梗塞(こうそく)、僧帽弁狭窄(きょうさく)症による肺の出血やうっ血に伴うもの、また結節性動脈周囲炎などの肺内血管の病変、さらに出血傾向を呈する血液疾患などである。したがって喀血を認めたら、呼吸器系、心血管系、血液系を対象に詳細な検査を行って、喀血の原因を確かめなければならない。

[渡辺 裕]

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