When a chemical reaction is occurring from a source system to a product system, after a sufficient amount of time has passed, the progress of the chemical reaction will appear to stop. This state is called chemical equilibrium. However, at chemical equilibrium, the reaction does not stop completely; it only appears to have stopped because the rate of the reaction moving from the source system to the product system (forward reaction) and the rate of the reaction moving from the product system to the source system (reverse reaction) are exactly balanced. For example, in the reaction A + BC + D, if the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are proportional to the product of the concentrations of each chemical species (concentrations are represented in [ ]), then the rate of the forward reaction is [A][B] and the rate of the reverse reaction is [C][D] (the rate constants), so at equilibrium, In chemical equilibrium, the sum of the free energies of the source and product systems is equal for the chemical reactions that occur. [Toda Genjiro] "Chemical Equilibrium, by Masao Koizumi (1957, Kyoritsu Publishing)" ▽ "The Concept of Chemical Equilibrium: How Far Do Chemical Reactions Proceed, by Kei Watanabe (1998, Shokabo Publishing)" ▽ "Chemical Equilibrium and Analytical Chemistry, by Kai Kanzaki, Masahiko Senkuma, and Takao Kurosawa, 2nd Edition (2003, Hirokawa Publishing)" [Reference] | |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
化学反応が原系から生成系に向かっておこっている場合、十分に時間がたったあとでは、その化学反応の進行が見かけ上停止する。この状態を化学平衡という。しかし、化学平衡ではまったく反応が止まってしまったのではなく、原系から生成系に進む反応(正反応)の速さと、逆に生成系から原系に進む反応(逆反応)の速さとが、ちょうどつり合っているために、見かけ上、反応が止まっているようにみえるだけである。たとえば、A+BC+Dの反応で、正逆両反応の速度がそれぞれの化学種の濃度([ ]により濃度を表す)の積に比例するとすると、正反応の速度は[A][B]、逆反応の速度は[C][D]となるから(とは速度定数)、平衡では 化学平衡では、このなかでおこる化学反応について、原系、生成系それぞれの自由エネルギーの和が等しくなるので [戸田源治郎] 『小泉正夫著『化学平衡』(1957・共立出版)』▽『渡辺啓著『化学平衡の考え方――化学反応はどこまで進むか』(1998・裳華房)』▽『神崎凱・千熊正彦・黒澤隆夫著『化学平衡と分析化学』第2版(2003・廣川書店)』 [参照項目] | |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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