Cathars - Cathari (English spelling)

Japanese: カタリ派 - カタリは（英語表記）Cathari; Cathars

A Christian heretical sect that was influential in Europe in the 12th and 13th centuries. The original word comes from the Greek katharos (clean). It is characterized by Manichaean dualism and extreme asceticism. In the late 11th century, a small sect influenced by the Bulgarian Bogomir appeared in southern Europe, and in the 12th century it spread among people whose religious fervor was not satisfied. In the 30 years from 1140, its influence grew rapidly, spreading to the Rhineland, northern and southern France, and northern Italy. By the end of the 12th century, 11 bishoprics had been established, and these came to be called Cathars. Of these, the Cathars in southern France were also called Albigensians. The Church's repeated declarations of heresy and efforts to convert them were ineffective, and finally three punitive crusades (→Albigensian Crusades) were launched to brutally oppress them. The Dominican Order's successful conversion efforts led to the collapse of the Cathar organization in the 1270s. It disappeared completely in the early 15th century.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

12～13世紀ヨーロッパに勢威をふるったキリスト教異端派。原語はギリシア語の katharos (清潔) に由来。マニ教的二元論と極端な禁欲主義を特徴とする。 11世紀後半，ブルガリアのボゴミールの影響を受けた小派が南ヨーロッパに現れ，12世紀に入って宗教的情熱の満たされない人々の間に広まった。 1140年より 30年間に，その勢力が急速に伸び，ラインラント，南北フランス，北イタリアに普及。 12世紀末まで 11の司教区が開設され，これらをカタリ派と呼ぶようになった。このうち，南フランスのカタリ派はアルビ派とも呼ばれる。教会の数度にわたる異端宣告や改宗活動も効果なく，ついに3次にわたる討伐十字軍 (→アルビジョア十字軍 ) によって残酷な弾圧が加えられた。またドミニコ会の改宗運動が成功して，1270年代にはカタリ派組織は崩壊。完全消滅は 15世紀初め。

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