...Thirdly, there are cases where national emergency powers are exercised without following the provisions of the constitution. C. Schmitt calls the second type delegated dictatorship and the third sovereign dictatorship. The basis of the second type is the idea that in order to prevent the abuse of emergency powers, it is better to recognize them in positive law and then impose restrictions on them in terms of conditions, duration, procedures, etc. ... From [Dictatorship]...The reason why a dictatorship is a dictatorship is that it defines itself as a state of exception for a specific, concrete purpose. Schmitt further distinguishes between a delegated dictatorship (kommissarische Diktatur), in which a dictatorship is established legally by suspending its formal effect when the current legal order is in danger, and a sovereign dictatorship (souveräne Diktatur), in which the current legal order is replaced by an ideal legal order based on popular sovereignty. A delegated dictatorship is a constitutional dictatorship based on emergency powers, and the emergency dictatorship powers of Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution are an example of this. *Some of the terminology explanations that refer to "delegative dictatorship" are listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…第3に,憲法の規定によらずに,国家緊急権が行使される場合である。 C.シュミットは,第2のものを委任的独裁,第3のものを主権的独裁とよぶ。第2のものの基礎には,緊急権の濫用を防止するためには,それを実定法上認めたうえで,条件,期間,手続等の点で制限を加えた方がよいとする考え方がある。… 【独裁】より…特定の具体的な目的のために,例外状態としてみずからを規定するところに独裁の独裁たるゆえんがある,というわけである。シュミットはさらに,現行法秩序が危機にさらされたときにその形式的効力を一時停止し合法的に独裁が成立する〈委任的独裁kommissarische Diktatur〉と,人民主権を前提として現行法秩序をあるべき理想的法秩序におきかえる〈主権的独裁souveräne Diktatur〉とを区別した。〈委任的独裁〉は,〈非常大権〉にもとづく〈立憲的独裁〉であり,ワイマール憲法第48条の非常時独裁権はその例である。… ※「委任的独裁」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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