One profession - One occupation

A form of rule seen from the Sengoku period to the early modern period. Although it is also called single-seat rule, in terms of content it is thought to be roughly divided into the following two types.

(1) This refers to the regional control of a province or county, which was established under the Oda government after receiving the ichienchigyo (a single fief) of a sengoku daimyo. It was established from above by Nobunaga as the ichienchigyo (a single fief). The form of control of the subordinate generals who were granted this control is known in the history of research as ichisho rule.

(2) The occupational ownership of lords and peasants. In the medieval manor system, the division of occupations, that is, the relationship of rights and ownership, was generally multi-layered, such as peasant occupation, farmer occupation, and undertaker occupation, and this refers to the form of rule at the stage when such multi-layered land relationships were liquidated. The Taiko Land Survey conducted by Toyotomi Hideyoshi was undertaken to reform the previous land system in which various rights overlapped on one piece of land, and to deny intermediate exploitation such as "sakuai," and is evaluated as a policy that made the relationship between lords and peasants single-lineage. The complex land system under the manor system was wiped out by occupational rule.

[Tetsuo Owada]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

戦国期から近世初頭にみられる支配の形態。同じく一職支配とよばれているが、内容的には次の二つに大きく分けて考えられている。

(1)戦国大名の一円知行(いちえんちぎょう)を受け、一国あるいは郡を単位とした地域的支配権のことで、織田(おだ)政権のもとで始められたもの。一円支配権として信長によって上から設定された。その支配権を与えられた部将たちの支配形態が研究史上一職支配とよばれている。

(2)領主および農民の一職所有のこと。中世の荘園(しょうえん)制においては、職の分化、すなわち権利や所有の関係が百姓職(ひゃくしょうしき)、作職(さくしき)、下作職(げさくしき)などというように、重層的に分化しているのが一般的で、そうした重層的な土地関係の清算がなされた段階の支配形態をいう。豊臣(とよとみ)秀吉が行った太閤検地(たいこうけんち)は、一つの土地に諸種の権利が重複していたそれまでの土地制度を改め、「作合(さくあい)」といった中間搾取を否定するものとして取り組まれたもので、領主・農民間の関係を単系化した政策として評価される。一職支配によって、荘園制下の複雑な土地制度は一掃された。

［小和田哲男］

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