Islamic Calendar - Islamic Calendar

Japanese: イスラム暦 - いすらむれき
Islamic Calendar - Islamic Calendar

A pure lunar calendar that originated in Arabia. It is also called the Mohammedan or Islamic calendar. It was adopted in 636 by the second Muslim leader Omar (reigned 634-644). The date of the first count of the years of the era was Thursday, July 15, 622, when Prophet Muhammad escaped from Mecca to Medina, and this is called the Hijri era. This July 15 era is used to calculate the date of the new moon astronomically, and in reality, the count begins on Friday, July 16, when the moonlight of the following day was first observed. There are 11 leap years every 30 years, and the years that are the remainder of the Hijri era divided by 30 and are 2, 5, 7, 10, 13, 16, 18, 21, 24, 26, or 29 are considered leap years.

A year has 12 months, with 30 days of long months and 29 days of short months, alternating from the long moon to the short moon. A normal year has 354 days, and a leap year has 355 days, with the last month having 30 days. Therefore, the total number of days in 30 years and 360 months is 10,631 days, which is only 17 minutes different from the actual 360 mean lunar months, making it an excellent year in terms of its return to the moon. However, since it is about 10 days shorter than the solar year, the beginning of the year changes throughout the seasons. The month is counted from the day of the new moon as the first day, and the day begins at sunset. Muslims today use this calendar system only for religious events. The ninth month, Ramadan, is known as the month in which daytime fasting is practiced.

[Toshio Watanabe]

[Reference] | Lunar calendar
Major calendar systems of the world (Babylonian, Greek, Islamic, Republican, Japanese)
©Shogakukan ">

Major Calendars of the World (Babylonian, Greek, etc.)


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

アラビア地方に発生した純太陰暦。マホメット暦、回教暦ともいう。636年、イスラム教主第2世オマル'Umar(在位634~644)が採用した。教祖ムハンマド(マホメット)がメッカからメディナに脱出した西暦622年7月15日木曜日を紀元年数の起算点と定め、これをヒジュラ紀元という。この7月15日という元期は天文学的に新月などの日付を計算するときに用い、実際はその翌日の月光を初めて認めた7月16日金曜日から数える。閏年(うるうどし)は30年に11回で、ヒジュラ紀元を30で割り、その残りが2、5、7、10、13、16、18、21、24、26、29となる年を閏年とする。

 1年は12か月で、大月30日、小月29日で、大月から始めて交互に繰り返し、平年は354日、閏年は最後の月を30日として355日とする。したがって30年360月の総日数は1万0631日となり、実際の360平均朔望月(さくぼうげつ)との差はわずか17分という、月に対する回帰だけについていえば優秀なものである。しかし太陽暦の1年に対しては10日あまり短いため、その年首は季節を通じて移っていく。月は新月の日を初日として数え、日は日没に始まる。イスラム教徒は今日、宗教的行事にだけこの暦法を用いている。第9月のラマダーンは日中の断食が行われる月として知られている。

[渡辺敏夫]

[参照項目] | 太陰暦
世界のおもな暦法(バビロニア暦・ギリシア暦・イスラム暦・共和暦・日本暦)
©Shogakukan">

世界のおもな暦法(バビロニア暦・ギリシ…


出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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