Orchard - Kajuen

Japanese: 果樹園 - かじゅえん
Orchard - Kajuen

A garden where fruit trees are cultivated. In the past, humans obtained fruit from trees that grew wild in the mountains and fields, but they found it more advantageous to cultivate them in or near settlements, or to sow seeds and grow them. They also found that these trees could be produced more efficiently if they were gathered in gardens and cultivated under careful management, and thus orchards developed. In Egypt, the birthplace of the world's oldest civilization, fig, date palm, and vineyards were already seen during the Middle Kingdom (21st to 18th centuries BC), and artifacts excavated from the tomb of Beni Hasan, dating back to around 1900 BC, show figs and grapes planted in an orderly fashion and being harvested. In Japan, the cultivation of pears and chestnuts was encouraged by Emperor Jito (reigned 686-697), but it was not until the Edo period that economical cultivation began, with Kishu mandarins and Koshu grapes, for example. "Six Types of Cultivation of Plants" (by Sato Nobuhiro, 1832) lists over 20 varieties of fruit, including mandarin oranges, grapes, persimmons, and peaches.

[Muneo Iizuka]

Establishment of an orchard

When establishing an orchard, the following points should be taken into consideration in selecting the type of fruit trees. Natural factors include temperature (average, minimum, maximum, etc.), frost, rainfall (growing period is especially important), sunlight (intensity), wind, soil (depth, breathability, soil acidity, soil moisture content, groundwater level, fertility), and topography, while artificial factors include farm roads, irrigation water, drainage, windbreaks, mechanization, shipping, processing, etc., and a decision should be made based on a combination of these factors.

[Muneo Iizuka]

[Reference] | Fruit gardening
Pear orchards as seen in "Edo Meisho Zue"
The cultivation of Japanese pears can already be seen in the "Nihon Shoki" and "Sandai Jitsuroku." By the latter half of the Edo period, there were over 150 varieties, and many new varieties have been created since the Meiji period. The picture shows commercial pear cultivation in the Edo period. The trellis training is a cultivation method unique to Japan. "Edo Meisho Zue," Volume 7, National Diet Library .

Pear orchards as seen in "Edo Meisho Zue"


Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

果樹を栽培する園地のこと。昔、人類は、山野に自生する果樹から果実を得ていたが、それらを定住地の周辺や近くに栽培し、あるいは播種(はしゅ)して育て栽培することが有利であることを知った。さらに、これらの果樹は、園地に集めて行き届いた管理のもとに栽培すればさらに効率高い生産が得られることを知り、こうして果樹園の発展をみた。世界における古い文明の発生地エジプトでは、中王国時代(前21~前18世紀)にはすでにイチジク、ナツメヤシ、ブドウ園などがみられ、およそ紀元前1900年のベニ・ハッサンBeni Hasanの墓の出土品には、イチジク、ブドウが整然と植えられ、収穫する風景もみられる。日本では持統(じとう)天皇(在位686~697)によってナシ、クリの栽培が奨励されてはいるが、経済性をもった栽培が始まったのは紀州ミカン、甲州ブドウなどで、江戸時代になってからである。『草木六部耕種法』(佐藤信淵(のぶひろ)著、1832)にはミカン、ブドウ、カキ、モモ、その他20余種があげられている。

[飯塚宗夫]

果樹園の開設

果樹園の開設にあたって、果樹の種類を選定する条件として考慮すべきことは次の諸点であろう。自然環境としては、気温(平均・最低・最高気温など)、降霜、雨量(生育期間がとくに重要)、日光(強度)、風、土壌(深度、通気性、土壌酸度、土壌含水量、地下水位、肥沃(ひよく)度)、地形などであり、人為環境としては、農道、用水、排水、防風、機械化、出荷、加工などであって、これらを総合して決定すべきであろう。

[飯塚宗夫]

[参照項目] | 果樹園芸
『江戸名所図会』にみるナシ園
日本ナシの栽培は『日本書紀』『三代実録』にすでにみられる。江戸時代後半には150以上の品種が数えられ、明治以降も多くの新品種がつくられている。図は江戸時代におけるナシの営利栽培の風景。棚仕立ては日本独自の栽培法である。『江戸名所図会』 巻7国立国会図書館所蔵">

『江戸名所図会』にみるナシ園


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