In principle, freedom from being hindered or compelled by public authority to organize, lead, or participate in an assembly, regardless of its purpose, place, or method. An assembly is distinguished from a mere crowd in that a large number of people gather in a certain place for a common purpose, and from an association, which is a continuous and mental union, in that the gathering is temporary. The Constitution of Japan explicitly guarantees the freedom of assembly (Article 21), but this assembly is generally understood to include collective marches as "mobile assemblies" and collective demonstrations (public acts that do not necessarily involve marches but are intended to attract the attention of others). There are no laws in Japan that directly and comprehensively regulate assemblies, but the public security ordinances, the Subversive Activities Prevention Act (Article 5, Paragraph 1, Item 1), and the Road Traffic Act (Article 77, Paragraph 1, Item 4), which are individually established by each local government, are problematic in terms of the guarantee of freedom of assembly. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
原則として,その目的,場所,方法などのいかんを問わず,集会を主催し,指導しまたは参加するなどの行為につき公権力により妨げられ,または強制されない自由。集会は共通目的のため多数人が一定の場所に集合するものである点で単なる群集と区別され,その集合が一時的である点で継続的かつ精神的な結合体である結社と区別される。日本国憲法は集会の自由を明文で保障するが (21条) ,この集会には集団行進も「動く集会」として含まれ,また集団示威運動 (必ずしも行進を伴うとはかぎらないが,他者の注目をひきつけようとする公然行為) も包含されると一般に理解されている。日本では集会を直接包括的に規制する法律はないが,各自治体が個別に定めた公安条例や破壊活動防止法 (5条1項1号) あるいは道路交通法 (77条1項4号) などが集会の自由の保障との関係で問題となる。
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