Borrowing - Raising

Japanese: 借上 - かしあげ

Also called "kariage." The name given to usurers from the Kamakura to the early Muromachi periods. Kariage developed mainly in port cities with good transport links. At first, they lent rice, but as the monetary economy developed, they began to lend mainly money. Many of the economically poor Kamakura vassals were unable to repay the money they borrowed from kariage and had their land taken away by the kariage. The Kamakura Shogunate forbade kariage to be appointed as land stewards or deputies, and forbade them from selling land to kariage, but this had no effect, so they issued a tokusei-rei (decree on the return of pawned land to the vassals) (→tokusei) ordering the return of land that had been pawned to the vassals free of charge. However, this tokusei-rei blocked the way for kariage to lend to the vassals, so it was abolished the following year. The kariage used the tokusei wording, which meant that even if there was a tokusei, the loans would not be returned, and they provided loans to the vassals using their land as collateral. In the Muromachi period, the term kariage fell out of use and came to be called doso (earthen warehouses).

Borrowing

In the Edo period, the shogunate and various feudal domains implemented a policy of salary cuts to address financial difficulties. Although it was called "shakage," in reality, compensation for the cuts was not implemented until later. The rates and methods of shakage varied widely, but the higher the stipend, the higher the stipend, and care was taken to minimize the impact of this policy on the finances of the samurai class. Nevertheless, it is a fact that this policy severely squeezed the lives of the samurai class. The shakage implemented by the eighth shogun, Tokugawa Yoshimune, during the Kyoho era (1716-1736) is particularly famous, and at the time, 4 ryo of gold was paid for every 100 bales of rice.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

「かりあげ」ともいう。鎌倉時代から室町時代初期の高利貸業者の呼称。借上はおもに交通の便のよい港湾都市に発達した。最初は米を貸したが，貨幣経済の発達につれてもっぱら金銭を貸すようになった。経済的に窮乏した鎌倉御家人は，借上から借りた金を返済できずに所領を借上に奪われる者も少くなかった。鎌倉幕府は借上を地頭，代官にすることを禁じたり，借上などに所領を売却することを禁じたが効果がなかったので，徳政令 (→徳政 ) を出して質入れされている所領を御家人へ無償返却することを命じた。しかしこの徳政令は借上から御家人への金融のみちをとざすことになったので，翌年には廃止された。借上は徳政があっても返却しない旨の徳政文言を取って，所領を抵当にした御家人への融資を行なった。室町時代になると借上の呼称はすたれ，土倉 (どそう) と呼ばれるようになった。

借上
かりあげ

江戸時代，幕府および諸藩が財政窮乏対策のために行なった減俸政策。借上の名はあるが，実質的には減俸分の補填がのちになって行われることはなかった。借上の率や方法は多種多様であったが，高禄の者ほど借上率を高くし，この政策の武家階級の家計への影響が少くなるような配慮はなされた。しかし，それにもかかわらずこの政策が，武家階級の生活を著しく圧迫したことは事実である。享保年間 (1716～36) ，8代将軍徳川吉宗が行った借上はことに有名で，このときは切米 (きりまい) 100俵につき金4両の割合で行われた。

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