…However, it was only after the 16th century that Zuar became associated with Futwa, going beyond the realm of “thugs” or “thieves.” Ayyar and Ahdas elected leaders called “Alifu” or “Rays,” organized military forces under their leadership, and collected protection fees from market merchants to secure financial resources. They made Murukwa (masculinity) and Futwa their code of conduct, and while they fought against Turkish soldiers and plundered the property of the wealthy, they also aimed to protect women and the weak. … *Some of the terminology explanations that mention "Aleef" are listed below. Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information |
…しかし,ズアルが〈ならず者〉あるいは〈盗人〉の域を脱してフトゥッワと結びつくようになるのは,16世紀以降のことである。 アイヤールやアフダースは,アリーフあるいはライースと呼ばれる長を選出してその指導のもとに軍事力を組織し,財源確保のために市場の商人から保護料を徴収した。彼らはムルッワ(男らしさ)やフトゥッワを行動の規範とし,トルコ軍人と戦ったり,富裕者の財産を略奪したりする一方では,女性や弱者の保護を旨としていた。… ※「アリーフ」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。 出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報 |
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