Educational background

Japanese: 学歴 - がくれき

It refers to which stage of education (primary, secondary, and tertiary) one has completed, as well as the differences in the schools themselves at each stage, and the level of school one has graduated from within the hierarchy. There are currently two major problems with educational background in Japan. The first is the problem of the stratification of educational achievement. Generally, the higher the educational background, the higher the job, status, and income one has, so this problem is known as the problem of reproducing social classes through education, and is a difficult problem common not only to Japan but also to Europe and the United States. This tendency is also becoming apparent in developing countries that are focusing on industrialization. The second is the problem of functional impairment as a criterion for the allocation of human resources. As the general population becomes more highly educated, educational background no longer corresponds to a certain level of ability, and it becomes increasingly inappropriate as a criterion for the allocation of human resources. Conversely, a high level of education does not necessarily bring about a high status, and this creates a social problem of social maladjustment among highly educated people.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

初等，中等，高等の教育段階のうちどの段階を修了したかをさすとともに，各段階の学校自体の格差，序列のなかでどの程度の学校を出たかをさす概念。日本における学歴は，現在大きく2つの問題をかかえている。その第1は，学歴達成の階層被規定性の問題である。一般に高学歴ほど高い職務，地位，所得をもたらすので，この問題は教育を通じた社会階層の再生産の問題として知られ，日本のみならず欧米などにも共通する難問である。また，産業化に力を注ぐ発展途上国においてもその傾向が現れつつある。第2は，人材配分の基準としての機能障害の問題である。国民全般の高学歴化に伴って学歴は一定の能力水準と対応しなくなり，人材配分の基準として適切さを欠く傾向を強めていく。それと裏腹に，高学歴は必ずしも高い地位をもたらさなくなり，高学歴者の社会不適応という社会問題を生むようになる。

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