A branch of earth science that aims to elucidate volcanic phenomena. It studies the generation, evolution, and movement of magma inside the Earth, as well as the phenomenon of volcanic eruptions, ejecta, form, structure, origin, distribution, and age. Modern science began to investigate volcanoes in the late 18th century in the West, and in Japan after the Meiji Restoration a century ago. Scientific investigations of volcanic activity began with the field survey of the Izu Oshima eruption in 1876-1877 (Meiji 9-10) by a foreign professor at the University of Tokyo and Japan's first mineralogist, Wada Tsunashiro. The successive eruptions of the Bandai, Azuma, Zao, and Adatara volcanoes from 1888 to 1900 provided a golden opportunity for the rise of Japanese research into volcanic activity. In particular, research into the great eruption of Mt. Bandai in 1888 by geologist Kikuchi Yasushi and seismologist Sekiya Seikei attracted attention from academic circles overseas. For about 30 years from 1892 to 1923, the Ministry of Education's Earthquake Disaster Prevention Research Committee (now the Earthquake Disaster Prevention Association) was the mainstay of volcano research in Japan, and its forerunners were Koto Bunjiro and Omori Fusakichi. The Koto clan clarified the outline of the geological and petrological characteristics of Japan's volcanoes. In light of events such as the great eruption of Izu Torishima in 1902 (Meiji 35), which killed all of the island's inhabitants (125 people), Omori established Japan's first volcano observatory on Mt. Asama in 1911. In Japan, where there was a strong need for volcano research and the location and opportunity to do so, research into geography, geology, physics, chemistry and other fields progressed simultaneously, and especially after World War II, these fields collaborated and made remarkable progress. The true nature of volcanoes and their activity is gradually being elucidated, which is helping with the utilization and development of volcanoes and disaster prevention, making it possible to predict eruptions, and providing clues to the state of the Earth's interior. The Japanese Society of Volcanology (with over 1,200 members and the journal "Volcanology"), founded in 1932 (Showa 7) and re-established after the war in 1956 (Showa 31), leads the world of volcanology. International organizations in volcanology include the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI), one of the seven divisions of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG). [Akira Suwa] [Reference item] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
火山現象の解明を目的とする、地球科学の一分野。地球内部でのマグマの発生・進化・移動、火山の噴火現象・噴出物・形態・構造・成因・分布・年代などを研究する科学。火山に近代科学のメスが入れられたのは、西洋では18世紀後半、日本では1世紀余り前の明治維新以後である。とくに火山活動の科学的調査は、1876~1877年(明治9~10)の伊豆大島噴火の東京大学外国人教師と日本最初の鉱物学者和田維四郎(つなしろう)による実地調査に始まる。1888~1900年の磐梯(ばんだい)・吾妻(あづま)・蔵王(ざおう)・安達太良(あだたら)火山群の相次ぐ活動は、日本人自身による火山活動の調査研究の勃興(ぼっこう)に絶好の機会を与えた。とくに、地質学者菊池安(やすし)と地震学者関谷清景(せきやせいけい)による1888年の磐梯山大爆発の研究は、海外の学界からも注目された。1892~1923年の約30年間は、文部省の震災予防調査会(現、財団法人震災予防協会)が日本の火山研究の主軸をなし、その先達は小藤文次郎(ことうぶんじろう)と大森房吉であった。小藤一門は日本の諸火山の地質岩石の概略を明らかにした。島民全滅(125人)の1902年(明治35)の伊豆鳥島大爆発などにかんがみて、1911年、大森は浅間山に日本最初の火山観測所を創設した。火山研究の必要に迫られ、その場所と機会に恵まれた日本では、地理、地質、物理、化学などの角度からの研究が併進したが、とくに第二次世界大戦後は、互いに連携しつつ、目覚ましく進歩した。火山やその活動の実態がしだいに究明され、火山の利用・開発や防災に役だてられ、噴火予知も実現されつつあり、地球内部のようすを究明する手掛りをも与えつつある。1932年(昭和7)に創立され、戦後の1956年(昭和31)に再興された日本火山学会(会員1200余名、会誌『火山』)は、世界の火山学をリードしている。 火山学の国際組織としては、国際測地学地球物理学連合(IUGG)の7分科の一つの国際火山学地球内部化学協会(IAVCEI)がある。 [諏訪 彰] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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