A phenomenon in which volcanic ash, volcanic gas, lava fragments, etc., flow down the slope of a mountain at high speed. They are generally very hot and can reach speeds of up to 150 kilometers per hour. Pyroclastic flows are often generated in volcanoes formed by the eruption of viscous magma such as andesite, dacite, and rhyolite, but they can also occur in basalt volcanoes. In 1902, a pyroclastic flow occurred at Mt. Pleye in Martinique, a French territory in the West Indies, and struck the city of Saint-Pierre, instantly killing approximately 28,000 citizens. Pyroclastic flows can flow in all directions from the crater during an explosive eruption, or can occur when a lava dome or lava flow collapses near the crater. The latter is relatively small in scale and is also called a thermal cloud, and it was this that struck Saint-Pierre. Pyroclastic flows that accompany large eruptions large enough to create a caldera are also called pumice flows or volcanic ash flows. Four large pyroclastic eruptions occurred at Mount Aso between about 320,000 years ago and 90,000 years ago, causing the summit to collapse and forming the current caldera. Pyroclastic flows flow in low-lying areas such as valleys, but the dilute part consisting of volcanic ash and volcanic gas (pyroclastic surge) has the tendency to separate from the main body of the pyroclastic flow and crawl up the slope or spread laterally. As in the 1902 eruption of Mt. Pelee and the 1991 eruption of Mount Unzen Fugen in Nagasaki Prefecture, casualties from pyroclastic flows were often caught in the pyroclastic surge rather than the main body of the pyroclastic flow. At Mount Unzen, between 1990 and 1995, repeated collapses of growing lava domes caused over 9,000 pyroclastic flows in total. The pyroclastic flow that occurred on June 3, 1991 killed 43 members of the press and disaster prevention personnel. A phreatic explosion that occurred at the end of August 2000 on Miyake Island produced a low-temperature, low-power pyroclastic surge that engulfed a residential area, but fortunately no casualties. [Setsutsutaka Nakata] "The Actual Conditions and Countermeasures of Pyroclastic Flows and Debris Flows" edited by the Society of Erosion Control Engineering (1993, Kajima Institute Publishing)" ▽ "Swarm of Collapses - Granite and Pyroclastic Flows" by Masahiro Chigira (2002, Kinmiraisha) ©Masazumi Fujita "> Schematic diagram of the structure and morphology of a volcano ©Shogakukan "> Type of eruption Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
火山灰、火山ガス、溶岩片などが一団となり、高速で山の斜面を流れ下る現象のこと。一般に高温で、最高時速150キロメートルを越えることがある。火砕流は、安山岩、デイサイト、流紋岩など粘り気の高いマグマの噴火によってできた火山で発生することが多いが、玄武岩の火山においても発生することがある。1902年の西インド諸島のフランス領マルティニーク島プレー火山で発生した火砕流は、サン・ピエール市街地を襲い、約2万8000人の市民が一瞬にして火砕流の犠牲となった。火砕流は、爆発的噴火の際に火口から四方八方に流れ下ることや、火口付近の溶岩円頂丘(溶岩ドーム)や溶岩流が崩れて発生することがある。後者は比較的規模が小さく熱雲ともよばれており、サン・ピエールを襲ったものは、これである。カルデラをつくるような規模の大きな噴火に伴う火砕流は、軽石流や火山灰流ともよばれている。阿蘇(あそ)山では約32万年前から9万年前にかけて4回の大きな火砕流噴火がおこり、その結果、山頂部が陥没して、現在のカルデラができた。 火砕流は谷など地形的に低いところを流れるが、火山灰と火山ガスからなる希薄な部分(火砕サージ)は火砕流の本体から分離し斜面をはいあがったり横方向に広がる性質がある。プレー火山の1902年の噴火や長崎県雲仙普賢岳(うんぜんふげんだけ)の1991年(平成3)の噴火のように、火砕流による犠牲者は火砕流の本体より火砕サージに巻き込まれた場合が多い。 雲仙普賢岳では1990年から1995年にかけて、成長を続ける溶岩ドームが繰り返して崩壊したために、合計で9000を超える回数の火砕流が発生した。1991年6月3日に発生した火砕流では43名の報道関係者や防災関係者が犠牲になった。三宅(みやけ)島で2000年8月末におきた水蒸気爆発では、低温で勢いのない火砕サージが発生し住宅街を飲み込んだが、幸い犠牲者はでなかった。 [中田節也] 『砂防学会編『火砕流・土石流の実態と対策』(1993・鹿島出版会)』▽『千木良雅弘著『群発する崩壊――花崗岩と火砕流』(2002・近未来社)』 ©藤田正純"> 火山の構造模式図と形態 ©Shogakukan"> 噴火の形式 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
…In Japan, there are the families Trapdoor Spider...
It is an annual plant of the nightshade family (A...
...It is a port city located on the Mediterranean...
Weddell seals are of the genus Weddell, in the fam...
A general term for compounds represented by M I [B...
A style of ancient Japanese document. Also known s...
A town in Chichibu County, western Saitama Prefect...
This is an index used as a reference when checking...
A short story by Hirotsu Ryuro. Published in the ...
The Social Security Charter was adopted by the Wor...
…A perennial plant of the Asteraceae family that ...
This tea is produced using tea leaves picked from ...
A technique for making Buddhist statues. There are...
…In this way, even if it is not related to reprod...
A bill issued to pay for purchases resulting from...