Nuclear force

Japanese: 核力 - かくりょく(英語表記)nuclear force
Nuclear force

This is the force that acts between nucleons (the collective term for protons and neutrons), which are the constituent particles of atomic nuclei. It belongs to the strong interaction, one of the four fundamental interactions in nature (strong interaction, weak interaction, electromagnetic interaction, and gravitational interaction). Atomic nuclei are bound together by the gravitational effect of nuclear force. The true nature of nuclear force was first understood in 1935 (Showa 10) with Hideki Yukawa's meson theory. Nuclear force is generated by the exchange of mesons (first and foremost, π (pi) mesons) between two nucleons. The reach of nuclear force is about 1.4 femtometers, the Compton wavelength of π (1 femtometer is 1/1000 trillionths of a meter), and beyond that, it is the force generated by the exchange of a single π. At close distances, the force of exchange of two or more π and the heavy mesons that are created when these resonate becomes important. At even closer distances, forces involving the quarks that make up nucleons come into play. The nuclear force is not a force determined only by distance, as the Coulomb force is, but depends on the state of the two nucleons (quantum numbers such as angular momentum and parity). On the other hand, the nuclear force is charge independent. In other words, in a two-nucleon system with the same spin and parity, the nuclear force shows approximate symmetry in that it is the same regardless of charge.

The average aspect of the nuclear potential that binds atomic nuclei is characterized by an attractive force of about 100 million electron volts at a distance of about 1 femtometer, and a core-shaped repulsive force at close range. Since the effects of the strong repulsive and attractive forces tend to cancel each other out inside, the nuclear force due to the exchange of one or two π mesons given by the Yukawa meson theory is important for binding atomic nuclei. Due to these properties and the fact that it is a short-range force, the nuclear force is strong, but the binding force is not strong compared to the kinetic energy, so atomic nuclei are systems with large quantum effects, just like the helium atom system.

In 2007, a study was carried out to derive the potential of the force acting between nucleons using computer simulations of lattice gauge theory. The results roughly matched the potential of the nuclear force due to the exchange of pions in the Yukawa meson theory. That is, when nucleons are far apart, the contribution is the exchange of one pion, but when they get closer to each other, the exchange of multiple pions is effective, and at even closer distances, a core of large repulsion is reproduced.

The nuclear force can be understood in a broader sense as the force acting between baryons, including hyperons, which are related to nucleons. Hyperons have a degree of strangeness that nucleons do not have, so the broad nuclear force also depends on this quantum number, and its diversity increases. However, the only two baryons that can form a bound state are the deuterons, which consist of a proton and a neutron.

[Ryozo Tamagaki and Tsuneo Uematsu]

"Ryozo Tamagaki, "The Many Faces of Nuclear Force" (included in "Graduate School of Nuclear Physics" edited by Seitaro Nakamura, 1996, Kodansha)

[References] | Deuteron | Strangeness | Interaction | Meson | Hypernucleus | Parity | Hideki Yukawa

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

原子核の構成粒子である核子(陽子と中性子の総称)の間に働く力。自然界の四つの基本的相互作用(強い相互作用、弱い相互作用、電磁相互作用、重力相互作用)のなかの強い相互作用に属する。原子核は核力のもたらす引力的効果で結合している。核力の本性についての理解は、1935年(昭和10)湯川秀樹(ひでき)の中間子論によって開かれた。二つの核子の間で中間子(まず第一にπ(パイ)中間子)が交換されることによって核力が生じる。核力の到達距離は、πのコンプトン波長約1.4フェムトメートル(1フェムトメートルは1000兆分の1メートル)であり、それ以遠は1個のπの交換で生じる力による。近距離になると、2個以上のπおよびこれらが共鳴してできる重い中間子の交換の力が重要となる。さらに至近距離になると、核子を構成するクォークが関与した力が働く。核力は、クーロン力のように距離だけで決まる力でなく、2核子の状態(角運動量、パリティなどの量子数)に依存する。他方、核力では荷電独立性が成り立つ。すなわち、2核子系の同じスピン・パリティの状態では、核力は電荷によらず同じであるという近似的対称性を示す。

 原子核を結合させる核力ポテンシャルの平均的な様相は、約1フェムトメートルで約1億電子ボルトの引力、至近距離で芯(しん)状の斥力(反発しあう力)という特徴を示す。内側で強い斥力と引力の効果が相殺する傾向があるため、原子核の結合には、湯川中間子論の与える1個ないし2個のπ中間子の交換による核力が重要となる。このような性質と短距離力であることから、核力は強いが、運動エネルギーに比して結合力は強くないので、原子核は、ヘリウム原子の系と同様に、量子効果の大きい系である。

 2007年に、核子間に働く力のポテンシャルを格子ゲージ理論のコンピュータ・シミュレーションで導く研究が行われた。結果は湯川中間子論でのπ中間子の交換による核力のポテンシャルとおおよそ一致している。すなわち、核子が遠くにあるときはπ中間子を1個交換する寄与が、互いに近づくと複数のπ中間子の交換が利き、さらに至近距離では大きな斥力の芯が再現されている。

 核力をもっと広義にとらえ、核子の同族であるハイペロンを加えたバリオンの間に働く力とすることもできる。ハイペロンは核子にはない奇妙さ(ストレンジネス)の自由度をもつので、広義の核力はこの量子数にも依存し、その多様性も増す。しかし、二つのバリオンで結合状態をつくるのは、陽子と中性子よりなる重陽子(ジュウテロン)のみである。

[玉垣良三・植松恒夫]

『玉垣良三「核力の多面性」(中村誠太郎監修『大学院原子核物理』所収・1996・講談社)』

[参照項目] | 重陽子 | ストレンジネス | 相互作用 | 中間子 | ハイパー原子核 | パリティ | 湯川秀樹

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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