This is a type of material test that is performed to examine the mechanical properties of materials under compression. It is particularly performed on materials that are often used as components that receive compressive forces, such as bearing alloys and cast iron, as well as wood, concrete, bricks, and stone, and materials whose properties under compression are significantly different from those under tension, and the yield point, compressive strength, and shrinkage rate are measured. Although a testing machine specially made for compression testing may be used, a universal testing machine is usually used. This is a material testing machine that can perform tensile tests, compression tests, and bending tests by adjusting the mounting of the test piece and the transmission of the load. The shape of the test piece for compression tests is often cubes for brittle materials such as cast iron and cement, and round bars for ordinary metal materials. The gauge length for calculating the shrinkage rate is the total height of the test piece. When using a round bar, if the test piece is too long and thin, buckling may occur, and if it is too short, appropriate measurements cannot be obtained, so it is necessary to select an appropriate height. If the diameter and height are equal, effective measurements can generally be performed without worrying about buckling. In compression tests, the frictional force acting on the contact surfaces between the pressure plate of the testing machine and both ends of the test piece has a large effect, and if the deformation of the ends of the test piece is hindered by friction, it will deform into a barrel shape, which is undesirable. The shorter the test piece, the greater this effect. To prevent this, it is essential to finish both ends of the test piece perpendicular to the compression direction and sufficiently smooth, and it is desirable to clean the contact surfaces and use a lubricant. Hardened steel balls used as ball bearings undergo particularly thorough compression tests to measure the load at which the steel balls first crack or break. Tires and springs are also used under compressive loads, so compression tests are conducted according to their respective operating conditions. [Kunio Hayashi] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
材料試験の一種で、材料の圧縮に対する機械的性質を調べるために行われる。とくに軸受(じくうけ)合金や鋳鉄、あるいは木材、コンクリート、れんが、石材などのように圧縮力を受ける部材として多く使用される材料や、圧縮に対する性質が引張りに対するものと著しく異なる材料について行われ、降伏点、圧縮強さや縮み率などが測定される。圧縮試験のためにとくにつくられた試験機を用いることもあるが、通常は万能試験機が使用される。これは、試験片の取り付けや荷重の伝達をくふうして引張り試験、圧縮試験および曲げ試験を行うことのできる材料試験機である。 圧縮試験の試験片の形としては、鋳鉄やセメントなどのもろい材料では立方体、通常の金属材料では丸棒が多く使用される。縮み率を求めるための標点距離は試験片の全高さとする。丸棒を用いる場合、あまり細長い試験片を使うと座屈(ざくつ)現象のおこるおそれがあり、またあまり短いと適切な測定値が得られなくなるので、適当な高さを選ぶ必要がある。直径と高さを等しくとれば、一般に座屈の心配もなく有効な測定を行うことができる。圧縮試験では、試験機の耐圧盤と試験片両端との接触面に作用する摩擦力の影響が大きく、摩擦のために試験片端部の変形が妨げられると、樽(たる)状に変形し好ましくない。試験片が短いほど、この影響は大きくなる。これを防ぐために、試験片の両端面を圧縮方向に垂直に、しかも十分平滑に仕上げることが不可欠であり、接触面は清浄にして潤滑剤を用いることが望ましい。ボールベアリングとして使用される焼入れされた鋼球などは、とくに入念な圧縮試験が行われ、鋼球に割れ目が初めて生ずる荷重、あるいは破砕するときの荷重が測定される。タイヤや、ばねも圧縮荷重の下で使用されるので、それぞれの使用条件に応じた圧縮試験が行われる。 [林 邦夫] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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