A general term for machines used to weave textiles. The warp threads are pulled out from a beam, which has a number of warp threads equal to the width of the fabric, and are passed one by one through the eyes of the heald, then through the reeds (which determine the density of the warp threads) to produce the textile. The healds are divided into two groups, upper and lower, by a shedding device in a predetermined manner, and a shuttle with a built-in weft thread runs between them to insert the weft thread. As the two groups of warp threads approach the middle position, the weft thread is pressed into the weaving fell by the reed, and the warp threads are then divided into two different groups, upper and lower, and the weft thread is inserted between them, and the textile is then formed. Weaving machines are broadly divided into two groups: hand looms (hand looms) and power looms. [Shoichi Ishikawa] HandheldLooms before the invention of the power loom, which is driven by power, were called weaving tools (origu) or hand looms, or simply hand looms or looms (hata), and were operated entirely by hand and foot. However, the components were the same as those of a power loom, consisting of an opening tool that opens the warp threads above and below, a weft passing tool that inserts the weft thread between the warp threads, a weft beating tool that beats the weft thread into the weft, a warp winding tool that winds the warped warp threads, and a cloth winding tool that winds the woven cloth. The combinations and structures of these vary depending on development or region. In terms of the type of loom, they can be classified into (1) vertical looms, (2) horizontal looms, and (3) inclined looms, depending on the way the warp threads are placed. Of these, the vertical loom is the oldest in terms of development, and is used to hang the warp threads on a horizontal beam, attach a weight to the lower end to provide tension, and weave from top to bottom. However, the height of the loom limits the length of the weave, and it is not possible to weave a sufficient length. Improved versions of this type can be seen in various parts of Europe and Western Asia. The next type, the horizontal loom, has the warp and cloth rolls fixed to stakes driven into the ground, and the weaver stands on the loom and moves around while weaving. This type of loom is commonly seen in Arab countries. And the inclined loom has the warp rolls fixed to trees or pillars, the cloth rolls are held by the weaver's waist, and the weaver sits on the ground and weaves while moving, and is widespread throughout the Pacific Rim. However, there are a few looms that do not fall into these three types. Of these, the most advanced was the inclined loom, which evolved from a machine that opened the reed by hand to one that opened the reed by foot using a traction device. The German Emil Werth (1869-1958) states that when looms that existed in the sphere of hoe-farming culture were introduced into the sphere of plow-farming culture, they became machine-operated by stepping on the reed, and in East Asia the open-pulled loom was invented, in which another man operates to open the reed by hand. The origin of looms can be considered as follows: when humans entered the Neolithic Age and began to live a settled life centered on agriculture, weaving began using the plant fibers that were produced from these fibers, and the invention of primitive looms is thought to have accompanied this. This would have involved the invention of a heddles that could simultaneously shed the warp threads. China was the only country that made rapid progress from primitive looms to the highly advanced open-weave looms, and high-quality textiles using silk threads were already being woven during the Shang Dynasty. These looms and weaving techniques were spread from China to both the East and West, along with silk, but it goes without saying that China maintained its superiority until mechanized production came about with the Industrial Revolution. Japanese looms first appeared in the Yayoi period, and parts have been found at over a dozen sites, including the Karako ruins in Nara Prefecture and the Toro ruins in Shizuoka City. The type of loom belongs to the inclined looms used by the aboriginal people of Taiwan and the Ainu. Then, around the 5th century, new weaving techniques were introduced from China, and the Izari loom, Taka loom, and Kurabiki loom were transplanted. The use of these was limited to a few immigrants, but in the Nara period, policies were established to establish attached workshops in the provincial offices of each province, and Nishikiaya looms and Ra looms were installed. These looms were owned by the state, and weavers simply wove for a certain period of time for specific purposes, but as the Ritsuryo system began to collapse, aristocrats began to set up looms in their own homes and hire weavers to weave. On the other hand, the looms used for general Choyo production were Iza looms, but they had a great impact on local industries, giving birth to specialty products in each region. The stagnant production of the Middle Ages did not bring about any changes to looms, but in some cases, such as Hakata weaving, empty weaving looms using a different weaving method from the empty weaving looms of Nishijin were introduced from the Southern Song Dynasty. In the early modern period, new weaving methods were introduced from China, and looms were reformed. The centers of installation were still Nishijin and trading cities such as Sakai, but eventually, in order to encourage domestic production in each feudal domain, weavers from Nishijin were invited and high-rise looms and empty-rise looms were transplanted, and the change spread. However, the transition from Iza looms to high-rise looms was generally stagnant except in weaving areas, and it was not until the middle of the Meiji period that it was necessary to wait. Various improvements were attempted in the period leading up to the development of the modern power loom, and improved looms were exhibited from various regions at the First National Industrial Exposition held in Tokyo in 1877 (Meiji 10). The introduction of the flying shuttle (or batten) device invented by J. Kay nearly doubled weaving efficiency by freeing the hand that had been used to throw the shuttle to just beat the reed, and made it possible to weave wide-width fabrics, and it came into widespread use from the early Meiji period onwards. The foot loom was invented by the Englishman William Radcliffe (1761-1842), and it operated the heddles, reed and shuttle with foot movements alone, freeing the hands from having to be operated as with the batten loom. It is not clear whether this was imported, but in the early Meiji period, Nakatsugawa Tokichi of Kanagawa invented a foot-operated loom, which won the Flower Pattern Award at the National Industrial Exposition. In addition, dobbies (also called light looms or fishing looms) were imported from France and used to weave simple patterns, but their use was less common than that of jacquards. A major change was the shift from air-pulled looms to jacquards, which had all been replaced in Nishijin by the early Taisho period, and air-pulled looms were forgotten and even called "phantom looms," but they have been successfully restored in Nishijin and Kiryu, Gunma Prefecture. However, air-pulled looms, which have a simple structure, are still used today in Western Asia and India. [Kadoyama Yukihiro] Power loomA loom that is powered by electricity or other power sources, and is the name given to hand looms. Compared to hand looms, it can weave uniform fabrics more efficiently. It was invented by Cartwright of England in 1785 and was part of the Industrial Revolution. Japan first imported 100 units from England along with spinning machines to Kagoshima in 1867 (Keio 3), and after Toyoda Sakichi perfected the power loom in 1897 (Meiji 30), they spread nationwide from the Meiji to Taisho periods. The number of looms peaked around 1965 (Showa 40), but was subsequently reduced and streamlined as developing countries caught up. The number of cotton looms installed in Japan has dropped significantly, from 270,000 in 1983 to 48,000 in 2001 (Heisei 13). As of 2001, the number of cotton looms in each country in the world, from largest to smallest, is as follows: China with 661,000 units, Indonesia with 227,000 units, India with 141,000 units, Thailand with 130,000 units, Brazil with 117,000 units, and Russia with 104,000 units. [Shoichi Ishikawa] structurePower from the crankshaft is transmitted to the bottom shaft, which turns the tappets to move the tradele up and down, and the healds, through which the warp threads are individually threaded, up and down, separating the warp threads into two groups, one above the other. A shuttle carrying the weft thread is sent flying between them to insert the weft. The rotation of the crankshaft (about 180 times per minute) moves the slay back and forth, and the weft thread is pressed into the weaving fell by the reed attached to the top of the slay, forming the woven fabric. In addition to these main movements of shedding, weft insertion, and weft beating, there are movements to send the warp threads out from the warp beam, and to wind the fabric onto the cross beam, as well as auxiliary devices such as a warp stopper (which stops the loom when the warp thread breaks) and a weft stopper. [Shoichi Ishikawa] ClassificationPower looms are classified from various viewpoints as follows: (1) Their structure varies depending on the type of fiber or fabric being woven. There are cotton looms, woolen looms, silk rayon looms, linen looms, etc. (2) An automatic loom is one that can continue weaving by replenishing the weft thread as long as the warp thread does not break, while a normal loom is one that cannot. There are two types of automatic looms: shuttle-change type and bobbin-change type. Sakichi Toyoda invented the shuttle-change automatic loom in 1905 (Meiji 38). The bobbin-change type was invented by the American Northrop in 1894. In recent years, the bobbin-change type has been adopted, in which each loom is equipped with a bobbin winder that winds the thread from a large cone onto a bobbin, eliminating the bobbin winding process and bobbin distribution. (3) There are wide-width looms for cotton or woolen fabrics, and narrow-width looms for narrow fabrics such as kimono cloth. In some cases, looms are called "inch looms" depending on the width of the reed through which all the warp threads pass. (4) Ordinary looms can only use one type of weft thread, but some fabrics require two or more types of weft threads, so shuttle boxes are provided on one or both sides of the slay to accommodate shuttles of different weft threads. Generally, these are called multi-shuttle looms, and include one-shuttle looms with two shuttles and two-shuttle looms with four shuttles. For fabrics with complex weaves or patterns, the loom is equipped with a dobby (for woolen looms, etc.) or a jacquard (for silk and rayon looms, etc.). (5) Conventional shuttle-based looms are noisy, do not have high rotation speeds, and have problems with replenishing the weft. In recent years, shuttleless looms have been developed and are becoming more and more popular as efficient, innovative looms. They are broadly classified into three types: gripper type, rapier type, and jet type. All of them use a cone or cheese (a large amount of yarn wound around it) to make the weft. The gripper type holds the weft with a small gripper and allows it to fly, while the rapier type inserts the weft by hanging the yarn on the tip of a guide rod (some use one on one side, others two on both sides). There are two types of jet looms: air jet looms, which blow air from a nozzle to blow the weft, and water jet looms (for synthetic fabrics), which blow water. (6) Machines for weaving special fabrics include towel looms, velvet looms, carpet looms, tape looms, lappet looms, felt looms, hose looms, heavy cloth looms, and canvas looms. [Shoichi Ishikawa] "Power Looms and Weaving Preparation Machines" by Uchida Toyosaku (1953, Corona Publishing)" ▽ "The History of the Development of Japanese Dyeing and Weaving" by Tsunoyama Yukihiro (1968, Tabata Shoten)" ▽ "Lectures on the Social History of Japanese Technology, Volume 3, Spinning and Weaving" edited by Nagahara Keiji et al. (1983, Nippon Hyoron Publishing)" ▽ "Japan's Industrialization and Technological Development" edited by Minami Ryoshin and Kiyokawa Yukihiko (1987, Toyo Keizai Shinposha)" [Reference] | | | | | | | | | | |©Shogakukan "> Schematic diagram of the structure of a cotton loom for weaving plain fabrics ©Shogakukan "> Handlooms (Izamachi and Takamachi) Sitting on a low platform, the weft threads are smashed into the weft using a large shuttle. ©Shogakukan "> Sitting machine Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
織物を織る機械の総称。織物の幅だけの数の経糸(たていと)を巻いたビームbeamから引き出された経糸はヘルドheald(綜絖(そうこう))の目に1本1本通され、リードreed(筬(おさ)。経糸の密度を決める)の間を通って織物に至る。あらかじめ定められたやり方でヘルドは開口装置により上下の2群に分かれ、その間を緯糸(よこいと)を内蔵したシャットルshuttle(杼(ひ)、シャトル)が走って緯糸を入れ、ついで上下2群の経糸が中間位置に接近するとともに緯糸はリードによって織前に圧入され、次に経糸は前と違った上下2群に分かれ、その間に緯糸が入り、順次織物が形成される。織機は手機(てばた)(手織機)と力織機に2大別される。 [石川章一] 手機動力により運転される力織機が発明される以前の織機は、織具(おりぐ)・手織機、あるいは単に手機・機(はた)ともよばれ、操作がすべて手および足によって行われるものである。しかし、部品構成は力織機と同じで、経糸を上下に開口する開口具、緯糸を経糸の間に入れる緯越(よここし)具、緯糸を打ち込む緯打具、整経した経糸を巻いておく経巻(たてまき)具、製織した布を巻く布巻(ぬのまき)具から構成される。これらは発展的、あるいは地域的に、組合せや構造が異なっている。 機の形式からみると、経糸の置かれる状態により、(1)竪(たて)機、(2)水平機、(3)傾斜(斜行)機に分けられる。このうち竪機は発展過程のうえでもっとも古いもので、横木に経糸を下げ下端に錘(おもり)をつけて張力とし、上から下へと織っていくものであるが、機の高さに制約され十分な長さを織ることができない。ヨーロッパ各地と西アジア地域に改良したものがみられる。次の水平機は、経巻と布巻が地上に打ち込まれた杭(くい)に固定されているもので、織工は機の上にのって移動しながら織り進める。このような機はアラブ諸国によくみられる。そして傾斜機は、樹木・柱などに経巻を固定し、布巻は織工の腰で保持され、地面に座っていざりながら織り進めるもので、環太平洋地域全体に広がりをもっている。しかし、なかにはこれら3種類に当てはまらないものも若干はある。このうち発展を遂げたのは傾斜機で、綜絖を手によって開口していたものが、牽引(けんいん)装置により足によって開口するものへ発展した。ドイツ人ウェルトEmil Werth(1869―1958)は、鍬(くわ)農耕文化圏にあった機が、犂(からすき)農耕文化圏へ伝わると足踏みによる開口になり、そして東アジアではもう1人の男の手で開口が行われる空引機(そらひきはた)が発明されたとしている。 機の起源は、人類が新石器時代に入り農耕を中心とした定住生活が始まると、そこから生まれる植物繊維を利用して製織が開始されたわけで、それに伴い原始機の発明があったと考えられる。そこには一斉に経糸を開口する綜絖の発明があったのであろう。原始機から急速な発展を遂げ高度な機構をもつ空引機まで及んだのは中国だけで、蚕糸を使った高級織物はすでに殷(いん)の時代に織られていたのである。この織機や機法は中国から東西に分かれて絹とともに伝播(でんぱ)していくが、産業革命による機械的生産に至るまでは中国の優位性が保たれていたのはいうまでもない。 日本の織機は弥生(やよい)時代に入ってから現れ、現在のところ、奈良県唐古(からこ)遺跡、静岡市登呂(とろ)遺跡など十数か所から部品が発見されている。その形式は台湾原住民やアイヌの使用する傾斜機に属するものである。やがて5世紀ごろには中国から新機法が伝えられ、居座(いざり)機、高機、空引機などの移植が行われた。この使用は一部の渡来人の間にとどまっていたのであるが、奈良時代に入ると政策により諸国の国衙(こくが)に付属工房が置かれ錦綾(にしきあや)機や羅(ら)機が設置された。この織機は国家の所有で、織工は単に特定の用途にあてるため一定の期間製織するだけであったが、律令(りつりょう)制度が崩れてくると、貴族たちは自分の邸内に機を据え織工を雇って織り始めた。一方、一般の調庸生産に使用された機は居座機であったが、地方産業に与えた影響は大きく、各地に特産物を生んだ。中世の停滞的生産は機に変化を及ぼさなかったが、一部に博多(はかた)織などのように、西陣(にしじん)の空引機とは別の機法による空引機が、南宋(なんそう)から導入されている。近世初頭には中国から新規の織法が取り入れられ、機の改革が行われた。その設置の中心はやはり西陣と、堺(さかい)などの貿易都市だけであったが、やがて各藩の国産奨励のため、西陣の織工招聘(しょうへい)と高機・空引機の移植により、広がった。しかし一般に居座機から高機への転換は機業地を除いて停滞的で、明治中ごろまでまたねばならなかった。 近代的な力織機へ発展するまでには過渡的にさまざまな改良が試みられ、1877年(明治10)に東京で開かれた第1回内国勧業博覧会には各地から改良織機が出品されている。またJ・ケイにより発明された飛杼(とびひ)(またはバッタン)装置の移入は、杼投げをしていた片手が解放され筬打ちだけとなるので、製織能率はほぼ2倍となり、また広幅織物の製織を可能にし、明治前期から広く使われた。足踏織機はイギリス人ラドクリフWilliam Radcliffe(1761―1842)によって発明されたものであるが、足の運動だけで綜絖・筬・杼の操作をするもので、バッタン機より手の操作を解放したものである。これが輸入されたかどうか明らかでないが、明治初年に神奈川の中津川藤吉が足踏みによる織機を考案し、内国勧業博覧会で花紋賞を受けている。このほかドビー(軽便機、機釣(はたつり)機などともいう)がフランスから輸入され簡単な紋組織を製織するのに使われたが、ジャカードの使用に比べて少なかった。やはり大きな変革は空引機からジャカードへの転換で、大正初期までに西陣では全部転換し、空引機は忘れられて「まぼろしの機」とまでいわれたが、西陣や群馬県の桐生(きりゅう)で復原に成功している。しかし、簡単な構造の空引機は、西アジア、インドで現在でも使われている。 [角山幸洋] 力織機電力などの動力により運転される織機で、手機に対してつけられた名である。手機に比べて能率的に均整な織物を製織できる。1785年イギリスのカートライトが発明して産業革命の一部をなした。日本には1867年(慶応3)鹿児島に紡機とともにイギリスから初めて100台輸入されたが、豊田佐吉(とよださきち)が1897年(明治30)力織機を完成したこともあって、明治から大正にかけて全国的に普及した。1965年(昭和40)ごろに織機台数はピークに達したが、その後開発途上国の追い上げなどによって整理縮小が行われた。日本の綿織機設置台数は83年の27万台から2001年(平成13)の4.8万台へと大きく減少している。なお世界各国の綿織機台数を多い国から示すと、2001年現在、中国66.1万台、インドネシア22.7万台、インド14.1万台、タイ13.0万台、ブラジル11.7万台、ロシア10.4万台などとなっている。 [石川章一] 構造クランク軸からの動力はボットム軸に伝達され、タペットを回してトレードル(踏み木)を上下動させ、経糸を個別に通したヘルドを上下動させ、経糸を上下の2群に分ける。その間に緯糸をもったシャットルを飛走させ緯糸を入れる。クランク軸の回転(毎分約180回)はスレーを前後運動させ、スレー上部にはめたリードによって緯糸を織前に圧入し、織物を形成させる。これらの開口、緯入れ、緯打ちの主運動のほかに、経糸をワープビームから送り出す運動、織物をクロスビームに巻き取る運動があり、また補助装置として経止め装置(経糸が切れたとき織機を止める)、緯止め装置などがある。 [石川章一] 分類力織機は種々の観点から次のように分類される。 (1)製織する繊維や織物の種類によって構造が異なり、綿織機、毛織機、絹人絹織機、麻織機などがある。 (2)経糸が切れない限り、緯糸を補給して連続的に製織できるものが自動織機で、そうでないものを普通織機という。自動織機には杼替(ひかえ)式と管替(くだかえ)式がある。豊田佐吉は1905年(明治38)杼替自動織機を発明した。管替式は1894年アメリカのノースロップにより発明された。管替式では、各織機に管巻機を装備して大きなコーンからの糸を管に巻いて、管巻工程と管の配給をなくす方法が近年採用されている。 (3)綿布あるいは毛織物などの広幅織機と、着尺などの小幅織物を対象とする小幅織機があり、場合によっては全部の経糸を通す筬の幅によって何インチ織機とよぶ。 (4)普通の織機では1種類の緯糸しか使えないが、織物によっては2種以上の緯糸を必要とするので、スレーの片側あるいは両側に杼箱を設けて、違った緯糸のシャットルを収容する。一般に多丁杼織機といい、片二丁杼織機、両四丁杼織機などがある。また複雑な組織や紋織物の場合は、織機にドビー(毛織機など)あるいはジャカード(絹人絹織機など)を装備する。 (5)シャットルを使用する普通の織機では騒音が大きく、回転数もあがらないうらみがあり、緯糸の補給にも問題がある。そこで近年各種の杼なし織機(シャットルレス・ルーム)が発達し、能率のよい革新織機として、広く普及しつつある。大別してグリッパー式、レピア式、ジェット式の3種があり、いずれもコーンあるいはチーズ(いずれも糸を多量に巻いたもの)を置いて緯糸とする。グリッパー式は緯糸を小形のグリッパーで把持(はじ)してこれを飛走させるものであり、レピア式は案内棒(片側1本使用するものと、両側2本を使用するものとがある)の先に糸をかけて緯入れする。ジェット式には、ノズルから空気を噴射して緯糸を飛ばすエアジェット・ルームと、水を噴射するウォータージェット・ルーム(合繊織物用)の2種がある。 (6)特殊の織物を製織するものにタオル織機、ビロード織機、カーペット織機、テープ織機、ラペット織機、フェルト織機、ホース織機、重布織機、帆布織機などがある。 [石川章一] 『内田豊作著『力織機及製織準備機』(1953・コロナ社)』▽『角山幸洋著『日本染織発達史』(1968・田畑書店)』▽『永原慶二他編『講座・日本技術の社会史 第3巻 紡織』(1983・日本評論社)』▽『南亮進・清川雪彦編『日本の工業化と技術発展』(1987・東洋経済新報社)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | |©Shogakukan"> 平織物製織用の綿織機の構造模式図 ©Shogakukan"> 手機(居座機と高機) 低い台に腰をかけ、大杼で打ち込んだ緯糸をしめ織る©Shogakukan"> 居座機 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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...And from then on, the other states owned by th...
Paintings that are painted on the ceilings of temp...
...The lower part of the rock mass is ultrabasic,...
A national, coeducational university in Canberra, ...
A school of tea ceremony. Its founder was Sen no R...
…These British Palladian architects, father and s...
This is a litigation method developed in the forme...
→Parsley Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponic...
...Therefore, the higher the C value, the more vi...