Eidan - Eidan

One of the public enterprises unique to Japan. It was established after 1941 (Showa 16) to promote the wartime controlled economy. Each corporation was an independent entity established by its own corporation law, and while it had strong independence from the legislature and finances, it was also heavily controlled by the administration. Its characteristics were: (1) it had a public purpose, (2) the government contributed all or a majority of the capital (usually government bonds), (3) investment and management were separated, and management was carried out by directors (president, directors, etc.) and a committee that was the highest decision-making body, (4) the government provided general supervision (appointment of officers, etc.) and protective assistance (granting subsidies, etc.), and (5) even when private capital was introduced, the profit-making nature of the capital was denied, and investment securities without voting rights were issued. Some specific examples include the Tokyo Metropolitan Government's Industrial Equipment Corporation, the Tokyo Trade Corporation, the Japan Medical Corporation, the Wartime Finance Bank, the Southern Development Bank, the People's Bank, the National Rehabilitation Bank, the Teito Rapid Transit Corporation, the Agricultural Land Development Corporation, the Food Corporation, the National Welfare Bank, the Central Bank of Industrial Associations, the Central Bank of Commerce and Industry, the Housing Corporation, and the Important Materials Management Corporation. After World War II, the wartime economic entities were dissolved, and some were reorganized into new corporate forms. Until 2004, the only entity that continued to exist as a corporation was the Teito Rapid Transit Corporation (the so-called Teito Subway), but in April of the same year it was privatized to become Tokyo Metro Co., Ltd. (commonly known as Tokyo Metro), and the corporation ceased to exist.

[Mitsuo Morimoto]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

日本固有の公企業形態の一つ。1941年（昭和16）以後、戦時統制経済を推進するために設けられた。各営団は、それぞれの営団法によって設立された独立体で、議会や財政に対する独立性が強い反面、行政の支配をかなり受けていた。その特色をあげると、(1)公共的目的を有すること、(2)政府出資（国庫債券によるものが多い）が全額または過半を占めること、(3)出資と経営は分離され、経営は理事者（総裁、理事など）と最高議決機関である委員会によって行われること、(4)政府は一般的監督（役員の任命など）と保護助成（補助金交付など）を行うこと、(5)民間資本を導入する際にも、その営利資本性は否定され、議決権のない出資証券が交付される、などであった。具体例をあげると、産業設備営団、交易営団、日本医療団、戦時金融金庫、南方開発金庫、庶民金庫、国民更生金庫、帝都高速度交通営団、農地開発営団、食糧営団、国民厚生金庫、産業組合中央金庫、商工組合中央金庫、住宅営団、重要物資管理営団など。第二次世界大戦後、戦時経済的なものは解体され、あるものは新企業形態へ改組された。2004年（平成16）まで営団として存続していたのは帝都高速度交通営団（いわゆる営団地下鉄）だけであったが、同年4月に民営化されて東京地下鉄株式会社（通称・東京メトロ）となり、営団はなくなった。

［森本三男］

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