Musical theory - Gakuten (English spelling) Musikgrammatik German

Japanese: 楽典 - がくてん(英語表記)Musikgrammatik ドイツ語
Musical theory - Gakuten (English spelling) Musikgrammatik German

In Western music, this is a general term for the various knowledge and theories that emerge when music is put into the form of musical notation. As it is called "musical grammar" in English and German, it contains the rules and regulations necessary for notating and reading music. By extension, it often refers to textbooks and books that deal with these matters. In general, it applies to Western music from the 17th century onwards, that is, music written on a five-line staff.

The specific contents can be conveniently categorized into three stages. The first stage is a kind of very superficial knowledge, and includes note names and staves, notes and rests, time signatures and rhythms, expressive marks, tempo marks, ellipsis marks, dynamic marks, and ornaments. The second stage explains general theories based on these, such as theories on intervals and scales. The last stage touches on the theoretical contents of music, such as rudimentary knowledge of harmony, an overview of counterpoint, and musical form and performance form. However, these classifications are not firm, and the stages they cover vary depending on the book. In addition, some more detailed music theory books also include an overview of music history, and an explanation of the types of scales and musical content that exist around the world. However, books that include these points are usually called music theory or music overviews. Thus, music theory is one of the important clues to understanding Western music, but it is by no means possible to understand Western music by itself.

[Toshiaki Kurosaka]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

西洋音楽において、音楽を楽譜の形態にする際に現れてくるさまざまな知識や理論の総称。英語やドイツ語で「音楽の文法」とよばれるように、音楽の記譜と読譜のために必要な諸約束や諸規則をその内容とする。転じて、それらの事項を取り扱う教科や書物のことをいう場合も多い。一般的には、17世紀以降の西洋音楽、つまり五線譜表によって表記される音楽を対象としている。

 具体的な内容は、便宜的に次の3段階に類別できる。第一の段階はごく表面的な知識に類するものであり、音名と譜表、音符と休符、拍子とリズム、発想記号、速度記号、省略記号、強弱記号、装飾音などが含まれている。第二の段階では、それらを土台にした一般的理論、たとえば音程や音階などに関する理論が説かれている。そして最後の段階では、和声に関する初歩的な知識や対位法の概要、あるいは楽式論や演奏の形態といった音楽の理論的内容までが触れられている。もっともこれらの類別は確固としたものではなく、書物によってもその取り扱う段階はさまざまである。また、さらに詳しい楽典書では、音楽史概説や世界各地に現存する音階の種類と音楽内容の説明を加えたものもみられる。だが、これらの事項までを含んだ書物は、音楽通論とか音楽概説とよばれるのが普通である。このように、楽典は西洋音楽を知るうえでの重要な手掛りの一つではあるが、これだけをもって西洋音楽を知ることはけっしてできない。

[黒坂俊昭]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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