Artists' Union - Gakakumiai

Japanese: 画家組合 - がかくみあい

In the Middle Ages in the West, like other guilds, it was an organization created for the purpose of mutual regulation and mutual assistance among painters in each city, as well as the elimination of foreign competitors. Members were made up of only master painters who paid membership fees, and aspiring painters were allowed to work as painters only after undergoing a certain period of training in the master's workshop and submitting a "masterpiece" (Meisterstück) to the guild to qualify as a master (apprenticeship system). Non-members who had not gone through this process, including foreign painters, were prohibited by regulations from engaging in artistic activities, and the sale of works created outside the guild was also prohibited by the guild's regulations, with the number of years of training and the number of apprentices a master could have at the same time being determined, although this varied slightly depending on the city.

Source: Heibonsha World Encyclopedia, 2nd Edition Information

Japanese:

西洋中世において，他の同業組合(ギルド)と同じく，各都市の画家の相互規制と相互扶助，ならびに外来の競争者の排除を目的としてつくられた組織。組合員は会費を納める親方画家のみで構成され，画家志望者は親方の工房で一定期間の修業を積み，組合に親方資格作品masterpiece,Meisterstückを提出して，初めて画家としての活動を認められた(徒弟制度)。外来の画家を含めこの過程を経ていない非組合員の制作活動，および外部で制作された作品の販売は規約により禁止され，修業年数や，同一時期に1人の親方が擁し得る弟子の数も，都市により多少の差はあるものの組合の規約で定められていた。

出典　株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について　情報

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