Organic Articulation Disorder

Japanese: 器質的構音障害 - きしつてきこうおんしょうがい(英語表記)Organic Articulation Disorder
Organic Articulation Disorder
[What kind of disability is it?]
This is a condition in which there is a distortion in the speech sounds produced by speech organs such as the lips, tongue, palate, and vocal cords due to an abnormality in their shape. Representative causes include congenital cleft palate (cleft lip/cleft labrum/cleft palate), and acquired conditions such as deformations following cancer resection of the oral cavity or pharynx.
[Symptoms]
In a cleft palate, the boundary between the oral and nasal cavities is partially lost, and speech sounds that should come from the lips resonate through the nose, resulting in symptoms such as distorted vowel sounds, popped consonants, and weakened friction noises.
After removal of tongue cancer, large tissue defects are created in the floor of the mouth and pharynx, mainly in the tongue. Postoperative speech symptoms vary depending on the degree of tongue deformation and motor function, but can range from mild speech distortion to severe symptoms where communication by voice is almost impossible.
[Treatment]
Treatment options include surgery, bracing, and language training by a speech-language-hearing therapist.
The basic approach is to repair abnormalities in the surgical form as much as possible, and examples of this include palatoplasty for cleft palate and skin flap reconstruction for tissue defects after cancer removal.
Treatment with appliances Speech aids and soft palate lifters may be used as supplementary devices for symptoms such as a cleft palate that causes the voice to come out of the nose. In addition, when reconstruction is not possible due to a large tissue defect in the palate, an appliance is used to close the palate.
Speech training If surgery and bracing do not correct the speech distortion, training by a speech-language pathologist is provided.

Source: Shogakukan Home Medical Library Information

Japanese:
[どんな障害か]
 くちびる、舌、口蓋(こうがい)、声帯(せいたい)などの発語器官の形に異常があるため、その器官が担当する語音にゆがみのおこる状態をいいます。原因となる代表的疾患として先天的な形成異常である口蓋裂(こうがいれつ)(「口唇裂/唇顎口蓋裂/口蓋裂」)、後天的なものでは口腔(こうくう)・咽頭(いんとう)のがん切除後の変形などがあげられます。
[症状]
 口蓋裂では、口腔と鼻腔(びくう)の境界が部分的に失われ、くちびるから出るべき語音が鼻のほうに響いてしまいます。その結果、母音の響きがゆがむ、子音の破裂、摩擦(まさつ)雑音が弱まるなどの症状が出ます。
 舌(ぜつ)がんの切除後は舌を中心に口腔底(こうくうてい)や咽頭に大きな組織欠損ができます。術後の言語症状は舌の変形や運動機能の程度で異なりますが、軽い語音のゆがみから、音声による意志疎通(いしそつう)がほとんどできない重症なものまであります。
[治療]
 治療には、手術や装具による治療、言語聴覚士(げんごちょうかくし)による言語訓練があります。
 手術 形態の異常を可能なかぎり修復するのが基本で、口蓋裂に対する口蓋形成術、がんの切除後の組織欠損に対する皮弁再建術(ひべんさいけんじゅつ)などがあります。
 装具による治療 口蓋裂などで声が鼻にぬける症状に対して、スピーチエイドや軟口蓋挙上装置(なんこうがいきょじょうそうち)が補助的に使用されることがあります。また、口蓋の大きな組織欠損で再建不能な場合は、装具(床(しょう))による閉鎖が行なわれます。
 言語訓練 手術や装具による治療ではことばのゆがみが治らない場合、言語聴覚士による訓練が行なわれます。

出典 小学館家庭医学館について 情報

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