Development

Japanese: 開発 - かいはつ
Development

In Japan, the word "development" refers to the development of new fields in the first half of the Edo period. New field development refers to the development of farmland in wilderness, deltas, lagoons, and coasts through irrigation canals, levees, reclamation, and land reclamation, and the background to this is the development of mining technology and irrigation civil engineering technology at the time, as well as the establishment of land ownership. Later, Ninomiya Sontoku's Sakuramachi Shiho and Nikko Shiho, which succeeded in revitalizing rural areas that had been devastated both physically and spiritually, would mean community development in today's terms. In other words, they are almost synonymous with the Sakuramachi Development Plan and the Nikko Development Plan. Furthermore, the history of Hokkaido's development since the Meiji period has been a history of "takuchi komin," or development and colonization, as the character "takushoku" (development) clearly indicates. In Japan, the word "development" contains the above historical nuances.

By the way, the English word "develop" means "development" as a transitive verb, but "development" as an intransitive verb. This raises an important issue when considering the concept of development. It implies that the success or failure of development depends on the self-help efforts of the local people, and that sufficient results cannot be achieved unless economic development and social development progress in tandem like the two wheels of a car.

[Yoshiichi Ito]

Background to the development issue

It was only in the 20th century that the development issue of underdeveloped regions began to emerge as a modern issue in earnest, and there were the following backgrounds to this. On the one hand, there was the trend of demands for nationalism in underdeveloped or developing countries, and the demand for the expansion and balance of the international economy. On the other hand, there was the demand for the correction of the growing social tensions that arose as a result of regional disparities in socio-economic standards within the same country and the occurrence of problems of overcrowding and depopulation. Furthermore, the intensification of social imbalances caused by the high economic growth after the Second World War and the progress of information technology have exacerbated this problem. There may be problems in equating international relations with domestic relations. Nevertheless, what both have in common is the recognition that economic and social stability and progress cannot be guaranteed without a planned orientation based on a long-term perspective. As long as equilibrium can be achieved even under conditions of underemployment and underdevelopment, it must be said that development policies for full employment and full utilization, as well as the role of development investment as an upfront investment, are important.

Looking back at the policy ideas for regional development in Japan over the 30-plus years since the end of the war, the 1940s was an era of resource development, such as increasing food production and developing underground resources, while the 1950s focused on creating an industrial base and correcting regional disparities. Furthermore, from the 1960s to the 1970s, overcrowding, depopulation and environmental issues became central issues. However, even though there have been changes in development ideas, an examination of the three comprehensive national development plans confirms that they have consistently adopted the so-called living area concept, and that the development of mid-sized regional cities that should serve as the core of living areas has been emphasized as a strategy.

[Yoshiichi Ito]

Development Policy Challenges

Regional issues are not merely economic issues. They are complex issues that involve social, cultural, and political issues, and the economic growth that accompanies regional development brings about changes in these three areas. The creation of a prosperous society, which is the ultimate goal of regional development, must not only increase income and wealth for the country as a whole, but also for each region and each individual, but must also enrich people's hearts and spread happiness to the outside world. In addition to improving the ability to increase income and wealth, there is also a demand for improving the ability to use it wisely and effectively. In particular, since it is expected that the number of people living in cities will steadily increase, it will be necessary to place importance on human motivation as well as economic motivation, and on the principle of necessity as well as the principle of efficiency.

[Yoshiichi Ito]

"Development Policy in the Age of Urbanization" by Zenichi Ito (1969, Shunjusha) "Regional Development Theory" by Zenichi Ito (1979, Obunsha)

[Reference] | National Land Development | Regional Development

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

日本において開発ということばは江戸時代前半期に行われた新田開発として使われている。新田開発とは、用水、堤防、干拓、埋立てによる原野、三角州、潟湖(せきこ)、海岸の耕地開発を意味し、その背景には当時の鉱山採掘技術と用水土木技術の発達と土地所有の成立という事実がある。その後、物心ともに荒廃した農村を活性化させることに成功した二宮尊徳(にのみやそんとく)の桜町仕法や日光仕法は、今日のことばでいえばコミュニティ・デベロップメントを意味する。つまり桜町開発計画および日光開発計画とほぼ同義である。また、明治以後の北海道開発の歴史は、「拓殖」という文字が端的に示すように、「拓地殖民」すなわち開拓と殖民の歴史であった。日本においては開発ということばに以上のような歴史的なニュアンスが含まれている。

 ところで英語のdevelopは、他動詞では開発だが、自動詞では発展ということを意味している。これは開発理念を考える場合に重要な問題を提起している。すなわち、開発の成否が住民の自助努力を不可欠とすること、また経済開発と社会開発が車の両輪のごとく連動して進展しなければ十分な成果をあげえないということを含意しているからである。

[伊藤善市]

開発問題の背景

後進地域の開発問題が現代的課題として本格的に登場するようになったのは、20世紀に入ってからであるが、それには次のような背景があった。すなわち、一方において、後発国ないし発展途上国のナショナリズムの要求、および国際経済の拡大均衡の要求という潮流がそれである。また他方において、同一国内における経済社会水準の地域格差と過密・過疎問題の発生に随伴して発生した社会的緊張の増大に対する是正の要求がある。さらに第二次世界大戦後の高度成長によって引き起こされた社会的アンバランスの激化と情報化の進展がこれに拍車をかけたという事実がある。国際関係と国内関係を同一視することには問題があろう。しかしそれにもかかわらず、両者に共通するものは、長期展望にたった計画的志向なしには経済社会の安定と進歩を保証しえなくなったという認識である。不完全雇用下においても、また低開発下においても均衡が成立しうる以上、完全雇用と完全利用のための開発政策、さらに先行投資としての開発投資の役割は重要であるといわなければならない。

 戦後30余年にわたる日本における地域開発の政策理念を振り返ってみると、昭和20年代は食糧増産、地下資源の開発といった資源開発の時代であったが、昭和30年代は産業基盤の造成、地域格差の是正が重要な課題であった。さらに昭和40年代から50年代にかけては、過密・過疎問題や環境問題が中心的課題になった。しかし、開発理念に変遷があったとはいえ、三つの全国総合開発計画を吟味してみると、そこにはいわゆる生活圏構想が一貫して貫かれており、生活圏で核となるべき地方中堅都市の育成が、その戦略として重視されてきたことを確認することができる。

[伊藤善市]

開発政策の課題

地域問題は単に経済問題だけにとどまるものではない。それは社会、文化、政治などの複合的課題であり、地域開発に伴う経済の成長は、社会、文化、政治の各領域に変動を引き起こす。地域開発の究極のねらいとする豊かな社会の形成は、国全体としても、また各地域や各個人にしても、所得や富が増えるだけにとどまらず、同時に心も豊かになり、外部世界に向かって幸福を広げることでなければならない。所得や富を増やす能力の向上と並んで、それを賢明にしかも有効に利用する能力の向上が、あわせて要求されるのである。とくに都市生活者が着実に増大することが予想されるのであるから、これからは経済的動機と並んで人間的動機を重視し、効率の原則と並んで必要の原則を重視する必要がある。

[伊藤善市]

『伊藤善市著『都市化時代の開発政策』(1969・春秋社)』『伊藤善市著『地域開発論』(1979・旺文社)』

[参照項目] | 国土総合開発 | 地域開発

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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