Birthplace - Ubusuna

Japanese: 産土 - うぶすな
Birthplace - Ubusuna

The guardian deity of the land where one is born is called Ubusuna-gami. It is often confused with the guardian deity of the clan called Ujigami, and in both cases the people who receive protection are called ujiko, which may be the source of the confusion. There is a custom of visiting the ujigami (guardian deity of the land) at the shrine visit, which takes place 32-33 days after the birth of a newborn baby, and in this case the worship is made to the guardian deity of the land, and the deity in question is usually called ujigami (guardian deity of the land). There is another deity that is often combined with this called ubugami (birth deity), which can easily be confused with ujigami. However, birth deities are the guardian deities of childbirth and have nothing to do with the impurity of blood known as akafujo (red impurity), and are instead enshrined in birth rooms, whereas birth deities are abhorred by blood impurity, and even when a newborn baby visits the shrine, the mother is in a period of taboo, so the mother-in-law, matchmaker, or midwife makes the visit while holding the newborn baby. In some places, the newborn baby is not allowed inside the torii gate because it is during the higakari (period of taboo), and the visit is completed outside the gate. This is called toriimairi. After this, they wait 75 days until the mother's period of taboo ends, and then both mother and child make the visit to the shrine. This shows that Ubusuna is a deity with a different nature from birth deities. Ubusuna is also known as Chinju, and is sung in elementary school songs as "the village guardian deity...". It is a guardian deity of the region, such as land or village, and does not seem to be deeply involved with individual households and families like ujigami. Many of the current Chinju deities are deities from large shrines in Japan, such as Suwa (Nagano Prefecture), Hachiman (Kyoto), and Kumano (Wakayama Prefecture), and the fact that they are deities from faraway lands gives a different impression from Ubusuna, but this is probably because there are more residents with different clans in the region, the simple organization has collapsed, and traditional deities have become dissatisfying. There may have also been external activities of priests and other gods, but the origin is probably a change in the residents' religious consciousness.

[Hisako Maruyama]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

産まれた土地の守り神をウブスナ神という。ウジガミといっている氏の守り神と、多くの場合混同していることが多く、双方とも守護を受ける側の人を氏子とよんでいて、こんなところが混同の源かもしれない。生児の誕生後32~33日目に行われる宮参りには、産土神に詣(もう)でるという風習があり、この場合土地の守護神に参詣(さんけい)するのであるが、その対象とする神を産土様とよぶのが普通である。もう一つよくいっしょにされるウブガミ(産神)というのがあって、産土と紛れやすい。しかし産神のほうは出産の守護神で、赤不浄(あかふじょう)とよぶ血の穢(けがれ)には関係なく、むしろ産室に勧請(かんじょう)して祀(まつ)っているのに対し、産土神は血の穢を忌み、生児の宮参りのときも母親は忌みの期間にあるということで、姑(しゅうとめ)とか仲人親(なこうどおや)、または産婆などが生児を抱いて参詣する。場所によっては、生児もヒガカリ(忌みの期間)だといって鳥居より中に入ることができず、鳥居の外で参詣を済ませる。これをトリイマイリといっている。そしてこのあと母の忌みの明ける75日を待って、母子ともども宮参りをするという。ウブスナは産神とは異なった性格の神であることが、これでもわかる。ウブスナは鎮守という別称もあって「村の鎮守の神様の……」と小学唱歌にも歌われている。土地とか村とかいう地域的な守護神であって、氏神のように個々の家庭や家族にまで深くかかわってくるような神ではないようである。現在の鎮守の祭神には、諏訪(すわ)(長野県)、八幡(はちまん)(京都)、熊野(和歌山県)など、国内の大きな神社の祭神を勧請してきて祀っているものが多く、遠く離れた土地の神を祀っているということは、ウブスナの感じとは印象が異なるようであるが、地域に氏を異にした住人が多くなり、単純な組織も崩れてしまって従来の祭神では飽き足りないものができたためであろう。また外部的には御師(おし)などの神人の活躍もあったであろうが、原点は住民の信仰意識の変化であろう。

[丸山久子]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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