Tuscan order

Japanese: tuscan order(英語表記)tuscanorder
Tuscan order

…Of course, these were not completely fixed, and there were considerable regional differences, but there was a common understanding that there was a certain canon (Greek art [architecture]). These were introduced to ancient Rome, where the Romans added two more styles: the simple Tuscan order of Etruscan origin, and the luxurious composite order, which combined Ionic and Corinthian styles. They also added bases and modified the details of the previous three styles. However, from around the 2nd century BC, the Romans began to use concrete as a building material and to move away from the Greek column-lintel structure and toward a one-piece structure centered on the wall, so that the columns lost their original structural meaning and became decorative elements that bordered walls as pilasters or columns. …

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "Tuscan order" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…もとよりこれらは完全に固定したわけではなく,地方ごとに少なからぬ差異もあったが,ある種の規範(カノン)が存在するという共通の認識があった(ギリシア美術[建築])。これらは古代ローマにも伝えられ,ローマ人はそこにさらに,エトルリア起源の簡素なトスカナ式tuscan order,イオニア式とコリント式を複合した豪華なコンポジット式composite orderの二つを加え,またさきの3形式にも柱台を加えたり細部装飾を変更したりするなどの修正を加えた。しかしローマ人は前2世紀ころからコンクリートを建築素材として用い,ギリシアのような柱‐楣の構造ではなく,壁を主とした一体構造に向かい始めたため,円柱は本来の構造的意味を失い,添え柱やピラスター(付け柱)として壁を縁取る装飾的要素に変質していく。…

※「tuscan order」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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