Shimazu-so

It originated from Shimazu-in in Morokata County, Hyuga Province (near Korimoto, Miyakonojo City, Miyazaki Prefecture), and spread to the three southern Kyushu provinces of southern Hyuga, Osumi, and Satsuma. The main estate was the regent's family (Konoe family). It began in the early 11th century when Dazaifu Daigen Taira Suemoto, in collusion with the Tomo clan and other local government officials, donated it to the regent Fujiwara no Yorimichi. In addition to Ichiensho, it consisted of semi-untransferable Yosegori counties that were established by donations of public land by local powers, and reached 8,000 chobu in the Kamakura period. The position of lord was passed from Fujiwara Kunitsuna, the steward of Fujiwara Tadamichi, to Kunitsuna's daughter Nariko, Ichijoin Jitsushin, the innkeeper of Kofukuji Temple, and became the Ichijoin territory. In the early Kamakura period, Koremune Tadahisa was the land steward, who held both the imperial and military positions of Shomokudai, Shorusu, and Sojito, and while establishing control over the manors, he became the key player in the Shogunate's control of southern Kyushu. The confiscated land within the manor was also occupied by eastern vassals such as Chiba Tsunetane and the head of the Samejima family, and the conflict between the sojito (eastern vassals) and the traditional geshi (lower ranks) and benzais (smaller ranks of local lords) intensified. In 1203 (Kennin 3), the Shimazu clan was overthrown in the Hiki Rebellion, and the jito positions of the Hyuga and Osumi sides, excluding the Satsuma side of the Shimazu manor, along with the shugo, belonged to the Hojo clan. During the Nanboku-cho period, the rule of the manors also changed from an azukaridokoro (a place of residence) to a tax contract system by the kyushu (provincial governor), which became unstable and completely dependent on the local lords, and disappeared in the 1350s. In addition, as a place for foreign ships to dock, trade was also conducted independently of Dazaifu, and it was an important source of revenue for the Konoe family.

[Ihara Kesao]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

日向(ひゅうが)国諸県(もろかた)郡島津院（宮崎県都城(みやこのじょう)市郡元(こおりもと)付近）に発し、日向南部、大隅(おおすみ)、薩摩(さつま)の南九州3国に広がった巨大荘園。本所は摂関家（近衛(このえ)家）。11世紀初頭、大宰府大監(だざいふだいげん)平季基(すえもと)が伴(とも)氏ら在庁官人層と結託し関白藤原頼通(よりみち)に寄進したことに始まる。一円荘のほか、在地勢力による公領の寄進によって成立した半不輸の寄郡(よせごおり)とからなり、鎌倉期には8000町歩に及んだ。領家は、藤原忠通(ただみち)の家司(けいし)藤原邦綱(くにつな)から、邦綱の女(むすめ)成子、興福寺(こうふくじ)の院家の一乗院実信(いちじょういんじっしん)に伝えられ一乗院領となった。地頭は鎌倉初頭、惟宗忠久(これむねただひさ)が荘目代(しょうもくだい)・荘留守(しょうるす)と惣地頭(そうじとう)という公武両所職を兼帯し、荘園支配を確立しつつ幕府の南九州支配の要(かなめ)となった。荘内の没官領には、千葉常胤(ちばつねたね)や鮫島(さめじま)宗家など東国御家人(ごけにん)も入部し、惣地頭（東国御家人）と旧来の下司(げし)・弁済使(べんざいし)ら小地頭（在地領主）との対立も深まった。1203年（建仁3）比企(ひき)の乱で島津氏が失脚し、島津荘薩摩方を除く日向方・大隅方地頭職は守護職とともに北条氏に属した。南北朝期には、荘園支配も預所(あずかりどころ)から給主による年貢請負体制となり、在地領主にまったく依存する不安定なものとなり、1350年代には消滅した。なお、外国船の着岸地として、大宰府から独立して貿易も行われ、近衛家の重要な財源ともなっていた。

［井原今朝男］

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