It is a book in which a person looks back on their life and is also called a memoir or retrospective. Memoirs and autobiographiesA memoir is a type of autobiography, but the general distinction between the two is that autobiographies emphasize the author's spiritual and inner development, while memoirs focus on the era and society in which the author lived. If the former is subjective, the latter claims to be objective. An autobiography tells the author's life from birth to a certain age in a continuous manner, but a memoir may only describe events experienced during a certain period of time, or only what the author saw and heard while in a certain position. Examples of this would be "war memoirs." Also, while autobiographies are often written by writers, artists, or scholars, the authors of memoirs are often politicians, businessmen, diplomats, revolutionaries, and other people who held public positions or had a strong influence on society. Memoirists focus on others rather than themselves, on the external world and the actions of others rather than on their inner world. They are conscious of being witnesses and spokespeople for their times. In other words, they are strongly aware that they are not an exception but a typical example, and that their thoughts, feelings, and experiences are shared by many of their contemporaries. In contrast, autobiographers are attached to their inner world and have a strong sense of pride that they are different from others. However, the boundary between the two is often unclear, and autobiographies written by people who have made a name for themselves in the politics or public life of a country also have value as memoirs. "Memoirs from Beyond the Grave" by the French writer, politician, and diplomat Chateaubriand (1768-1848) is not only a moving autobiography, but also an excellent historical memoir of the revolutionary era and the subsequent Napoleonic Empire and the Restoration. In Japan, an example is "Oritaku Shiba no Ki" by Arai Hakuseki, who served the sixth shogun, Tokugawa Ienobu, and played a central role in the shogunate government. There, testimony about a certain era and self-exploration, a gaze directed at the world and inner reflection, all intertwine and resonate in a complex way. [Takamasa Ogura] WesternBecause memoirs tend to provide information about events and happenings and to be testimonies about the times, they can be close to "chronics" and to that extent have historical value. That is why historians sometimes consider memoirs to be important sources. Xenophon's Anabasis is a record of his military service in Persia, and Caesar's The Gallic War is a report of the battles he led in Gaul. In medieval France, several chronicle-like memoirs were written. Joinville's Memoirs of Saint Louis (early 14th century) tells of what he saw and heard when he accompanied Louis IX to the Crusades, and the memoirs of Comines, an advisor to Louis XI and others (late 15th century), not only describe events but also explore the causes behind them and consider the social situation in which various forces were involved. The 17th and 18th centuries can be said to be the era when modern memoirs were born. In England, after the historical upheaval of the Puritan Revolution and the Restoration, for example, Sir Kenelm Digby (1603-65) wrote "Personal Memoirs," which tells of how the author, a former diplomat, skillfully survived in the political world. In France, there were many particularly excellent memoirs from this period. The memoirs of Cardinal de Retz (Paul de Gondi, 1613-79), who was arrested and imprisoned for taking part in the Fronde (1648-53), are not historically reliable in that they somewhat overemphasize his own role, but the descriptions analyzing the actions of the author's own and others are full of realism. The memoirs of Henri de Campion (1613-63) are a valuable testimony of the customs and society under the reign of Louis XIII, and Madame Roland, a participant in the French Revolution, has left us with vivid recollections of the revolution. The Italian Casanova traveled around Europe and made a name for himself as a seducer, but he wrote detailed memoirs of his hedonistic life. However, the most famous author of this period is probably the Duke of Saint-Simon. His lengthy memoirs, which beautifully and scathingly depict the court at the end of the reign of Louis XIV and the subsequent regency, have earned him justifiable acclaim. It is a masterpiece that vividly conveys the details of court life, portraits of courtiers, and power struggles. [Takamasa Ogura] JapanIn Japan during the Edo period, in addition to the aforementioned Shiraishi, there were memoirs written by samurai who were deeply involved in politics, such as Yamaga Soko's "Zaisho Zanpitsu" and Matsudaira Sadanobu's "Uge no Hitokoto." In the Meiji period, notable works include "Amayogatari" by Shibusawa Eiichi, who was an influential figure in the business world, and "Kaikyoroku" by Makino Nobuaki, who was a leading figure in politics for three generations during the Meiji, Taisho, and Showa periods. However, in the East, including Japan, there are far fewer memoirs that record public life stories compared to Europe and the United States. Rather, there are many interesting works such as the memoirs of entertainers and the literary recollections of writers. [Takamasa Ogura] present dayEven today, memoirs are often written by politicians, diplomats, businessmen, journalists, and others. They often have a strong tendency to retrospectively defend their own policies and actions, and so their memoirs inevitably have a self-justifying or self-praising tone. This is a particularly notable characteristic in the West. The memoirs of 20th century writers such as Churchill, de Gaulle, Kissinger, and Gorbachev are good examples. [Takamasa Ogura] "Japanese Autobiographies" edited by Kano Masanao and Saeki Shoichi, 23 volumes, 2 supplementary volumes (1981-82, Heibonsha)" ▽ "The World of Autobiographical Literature" edited by Saeki Shoichi (1983, Asahi Publishing)" ▽ "French Autobiographies: Themes and Structures of Autobiographical Literature" by Philippe Lejeune, translated by Ogura Takamasa (1995, Hosei University Press)" ▽ "Chinese Autobiographical Literature" by Kawai Kozo (1996, Sobunsha)" ▽ "Complete Commentary on Masterpieces of Biographies and Autobiographies" revised edition (1998, Jiyukokuminsha)" ▽ "101 Masterpieces of Autobiographies" edited by Saeki Shoichi (2000, Shinshokan)" ▽ "The Century of Autobiography" by Saeki Shoichi (Kodansha Bunko)" ▽ "Autobiographies of Modern Japan" by Saeki Shoichi (Chuko Bunko)" ▽ "Autobiographies of the Japanese" by Shoichi Saeki (Kodansha Academic Library) ▽ "Georges GusdorfLignes de vie (1991, Odile Jacob, Paris)" [References] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Sadanobu| |Part 1: Written by Arai Hakuseki ( manuscript held at the National Diet Library ) "The Chronicles of Oritaku Shiba" Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
人が自分の生涯を回顧的に語るもので、回想記、回顧録といった名称もある。 回想録と自叙伝回想録は自叙伝の一種であるが、一般的な区別としては、自叙伝が作者の精神的・内面的発展を重視するのに対して、回想録はむしろ自分が生きた時代や社会とのかかわりに中心を置く。前者が主観的であるとすれば、後者はむしろ客観的であることを標榜(ひょうぼう)する。自叙伝は作者が生まれてからある一定の年齢にいたるまでの人生を連続的に語るが、回想録は特定の時期に経験したできごとだけ、あるいは一定の地位に就いていたときの見聞だけを記述するというケースがありうる。「大戦回顧録」のようなたぐいがそれにあたるであろう。また自叙伝が作家、芸術家、学者などによって書かれることが多いのに対し、回想録の作者は政治家、実業家、外交官、革命家など公的な地位にあったり、社会に強く働きかけたりした者であることが多い。 回想録作者は自分よりも他者に、内面よりも外部の世界や他人の行動に注目する。そして自分が時代の証人であり、代弁者であるという意識を抱いている。換言するならば、自分は例外ではなく典型であり、自分の思想、感情、体験は多くの同時代人によって共有されているという自覚が強い。それに対して自叙伝の作者は自己の内面に執着し、自分が他人とは違うという自負を強くもっている。 ただし両者の境界はしばしば曖昧(あいまい)で、一国の政治や公的生活において後世に名を残した者の自叙伝は、同時に回想録としての価値も有している。作家であると同時に政治家・外交官でもあったフランスのシャトーブリアン(1768―1848)の『墓の彼方(かなた)からの回想』は、感動的な自叙伝であるのみならず、革命時代とその後のナポレオン帝政や王政復古期をめぐる優れた歴史的回想になっている。わが国では、6代将軍徳川家宣(いえのぶ)に仕えて幕政の中核を担った新井白石の『折たく柴(しば)の記』がその例にあたる。そこでは一つの時代に関する証言と自己探求、世界に向けられたまなざしと内的省察が複雑に絡んで、響き合う。 [小倉孝誠] 西洋回想録はできごとや事件についての情報を提供し、時代についての証言であろうとする傾向を帯びるので、「年代記」に近くなることがあり、そのかぎりでは歴史的な価値をもっている。歴史家たちが回想録をときに重要な資料とみなすのはそのためである。古代ギリシアのクセノフォンの『アナバシス』はペルシアへの従軍記録だし、カエサルの『ガリア戦記』は自らがガリア地方で指揮した戦いの報告書である。中世フランスでは、年代記的な回想録がいくつか書かれている。ジョアンビルの『聖王ルイ伝(ジョアンビル殿の回想録)』(14世紀初頭)はルイ9世に従って十字軍に参加したときの見聞を語ったもの、ルイ11世などに仕えた顧問官コミーヌの回想録(15世紀末)は、できごとを描くだけでなく、その背後にある原因を探り、さまざまな勢力が絡まる社会情勢についても考察を展開している。 17、18世紀は近代的な回想録が成立した時代といえよう。イギリスでは清教徒革命、王政復古と歴史の動乱が続いた後に、たとえばケネム・ディグビーSir Kenelm Digby(1603―65)の『個人的回想』が書かれており、外交官だった著者が政界を巧みに生き抜いたさまが語られている。フランスではとりわけ優れた回想録がこの時期に多い。フロンドの乱(1648~53)に加わって逮捕、投獄された枢機卿(すうききょう)レCardinal de Retz(ポール・ド・ゴンディPaul de Gondi、1613―79)の手になる回想録は、自分の役割をいくらか強調しすぎる点で歴史的信憑(しんぴょう)性は低いが、自他の行動を分析する叙述は臨場感にあふれている。アンリ・ド・カンピオンHenri de Campion(1613―63)の回想録はルイ13世治下の風俗と社会に関する貴重な証言だし、ロラン夫人はフランス革命の当事者として、革命をめぐるなまなましい回想を残している。イタリア人カサノーバはヨーロッパ諸国を遍歴し、色事師の名を馳(は)せたが、その享楽主義的な生涯を細部にわたって回想録に書きしるしている。しかしこの時代のもっとも有名な作者は公爵サン・シモンであろう。ルイ14世時代末期とその後の摂政時代の宮廷をみごとに、かつ辛辣(しんらつ)に描いた長大な回想録は正当にも高い評価を得ている。宮廷生活の細部、宮廷人の肖像や権力争いなどをあざやかに伝えてくれる傑作である。 [小倉孝誠] 日本日本では江戸時代に、前述の白石のほかに山鹿素行(やまがそこう)の『配所残筆』や松平定信の『宇下人言(うげのひとこと)』など、政治に深くかかわった武士による回想録がある。明治期に入ると、経済界で重きをなした渋沢栄一の『雨夜譚(あまよがたり)』、明治・大正・昭和の3代にわたって政界の重鎮だった牧野伸顕(のぶあき)の『回顧録』などが特筆に値する。しかし日本を含めて東洋では、公的生涯を書きしるした回想録は欧米に比べるとかなり少ない。むしろ芸人の回想記や作家の文学的回想に興味深い作品が多い。 [小倉孝誠] 現代回想録が政治家、外交官、実業家、ジャーナリストなどによって書かれることが多いのは現代でも変わらない。彼らはしばしば回顧的に自らの政策や行動を弁護しようとする傾向が強く、したがって回想録はどうしても自己弁明や自己賛美の調子が出てくる。これはとりわけ欧米において顕著な特徴である。20世紀のチャーチル、ドゴール、キッシンジャー、ゴルバチョフらの回想録がその好例であろう。 [小倉孝誠] 『鹿野政直・佐伯彰一監修『日本人の自伝』全23巻、別巻2(1981~82・平凡社)』▽『佐伯彰一編『自伝文学の世界』(1983・朝日出版社)』▽『フィリップ・ルジュンヌ著、小倉孝誠訳『フランスの自伝――自伝文学の主題と構造』(1995・法政大学出版局)』▽『川合康三著『中国の自伝文学』(1996・創文社)』▽『『伝記・自叙伝の名著 総解説』改訂版(1998・自由国民社)』▽『佐伯彰一編『自伝の名著101』(2000・新書館)』▽『佐伯彰一著『自伝の世紀』(講談社文芸文庫)』▽『佐伯彰一著『近代日本の自伝』(中公文庫)』▽『佐伯彰一著『日本人の自伝』(講談社学術文庫)』▽『Georges GusdorfLignes de vie(1991, Odile Jacob, Paris)』 [参照項目] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |上 新井白石著 写本国立国会図書館所蔵"> 『折たく柴の記』 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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