Restrictions on maritime traffic and trade. The purpose is to maintain domestic order, crack down on smuggling, and avoid conflicts with foreign countries. In China, maritime bans have been implemented several times since the 4th century, but it was not until the Ming Dynasty that a system was fully put in place. In 1371, Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang issued a ban on travelling to and from the sea as a defense against wako (Japanese pirates), allowing trade between tribute ships and the cargo they carried, but not private merchant ships. This ban was strictly enforced, but smuggling did not stop. In particular, during the Jiajing period (1522-66), attempts to crack down on smuggling only led to major invasions by wako, so much so that the maritime ban had to be relaxed. In order to stop the activities of the Southern Ming and the Taiwanese Zheng clan, the Qing dynasty implemented the Edict of Evacuation, forcing coastal residents to move inland, but lifted the order after the Zheng clan surrendered in 1684. After 1757, trade was restricted to a single port, Guangzhou, but this system was finally abandoned by the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842. [Takanobu Terada] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
海上の交通、貿易などに制限を加えること。国内治安を保ち、密貿易を取り締まり、外国との紛争を避けるのを目的とする。中国では、海禁は4世紀以来、何度か行われたが、体制的に完成したのは明(みん)初のことである。明の太祖朱元璋(しゅげんしょう)は1371年、倭寇(わこう)の防御策として通蕃(つうばん)下海の禁令を出し、貢船とその積載する貨物の交易は許すが、民間の商船には認めないことにした。この禁令は厳しく実施されたが、密貿易はやまなかった。ことに嘉靖(かせい)年間(1522~66)には、密貿易を取り締まろうとして、かえって倭寇の大侵入を引き起こし、そのため海禁を緩和せざるをえなかったほどである。清(しん)朝は南明(なんみん)や台湾鄭(てい)氏の活動を封ずるため、遷界令(せんかいれい)を実施して、沿岸の住民を内地に移住させたが、鄭氏降伏後に解除した(1684)。ついで1757年以後、貿易港を広州1港に制限したが、この体制は1842年の南京(ナンキン)条約によって最終的に放棄された。 [寺田隆信] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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