Skepticism

Japanese: 懐疑論 - かいぎろん(英語表記)skepticism
Skepticism
A philosophical position that generally denies the certain knowledge of truth through human reason. Its variations include epistemological probabilism, which accepts probability; agnosticism, which accepts the knowledge of truth in empirical phenomena but denies the knowledge of a transcendent being behind them; and relativism, which denies objective truth. There is also religious and ethical skepticism, which goes beyond the realm of knowledge and applies it to practical matters. Augustine's criticism of absolute skepticism is that it contains a crucial self-contradiction, since it denies the knowledge of truth, but claims that the assertion itself is true. In addition to the ancient skeptics, early modern skeptics include Montaigne and Berkeley, Hume, who thoroughly advocated empiricism, and Kant, who denied the knowledge of things in themselves, are considered skeptics.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
人間理性による確実な真理認識をおしなべて否定する哲学的立場。その変形されたものとしては,蓋然性を認める認識論的蓋然主義,経験的現象での真理認識は認めるがその背後なる超越者の認識を否定する不可知論,客観的真理を否定する相対主義などがあり,認識の局面をこえて実践面にそれを適用した宗教的,倫理的懐疑論がある。絶対的懐疑論は真理認識を否定するが,その主張自体は真理であるとしているのであるから,決定的な自己矛盾を含んでいるというのが,アウグスチヌスの批判である。古代の懐疑学派のほかに,近世のモンテーニュやバークリー,経験論を徹底したヒューム,物自体の認識を否定したカントらが懐疑論者と考えられる。

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